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Radiography > 111- Digital Imaging > Flashcards

111- Digital Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Binary code uses what two symbols

A

0 & 1

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2
Q

How many bits make up a bite

A

8

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3
Q

What is a PSP made of

A

Barium fluorohalide with europium activators

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4
Q

What is the initial response with CR

A

Linear

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5
Q

When/how is the latent image made

A

After exposure, when electrons are trapped in a higher energy state in the phosphor

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6
Q

When/how is the manifest image made

A

When red laser scans plate, electrons give off blue light

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7
Q

When is a CR plate most sensitive to scatter

A

After exposure

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8
Q

What is the exposure data recognition

A

Useful Information used to create histogram

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9
Q

What are the useful values of a histogram

A

Minimum and maximum values

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10
Q

If a histogram can not detect collimated edges, what happens to the image

A

Too light or dark

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11
Q

CR reader process:

A

Cassette lowered into reader/laser beam scans cassette/blue light photons emitted/light photons picked up by photodiode/electrical signal is created/sent to ADC/digital data sent to computer

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12
Q

White and linear artifacts on images means:

A

A scratch was obtained in reader

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13
Q

Direct capture pathway

A

X-ray tube/beam/photoconductor (amorphous selenium)/ TFT/analog signal/ADC/digital signal

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14
Q

Indirect capture pathway

A

X-ray tube/beam/scintillator/light/CCD or CMOS (or photodiode;amorphous silicon and TFT) /analog signal/ADC/digital signal

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15
Q

What is the scintillator made of

A

Cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide

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16
Q

When is a TFT used

A

In direct and indirect capture

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17
Q

What is the interphase message called between HIS and RIS

A

HL7

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18
Q

If you increase bit depth, what happens to resolution

A

Increases

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19
Q

Main controlling factor of resolution

A

Pixel size

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20
Q

Imaging system with best resolution (highest to lowest)

A

Film, CR(direct capture), DR

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21
Q

If you decrease pixel pitch, what happens to resolution

A

Increases

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22
Q

Is it more desirable to use a high or low kvp with DR

A

High

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23
Q

4 factors that control contrast

A

Kvp, WW, LUT, automatic rescaling

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24
Q

Insufficient light produced by the IP causes:

A

Graininess

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25
Q

An undesired effect with edge enhancement

A

Increase in noise

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26
Q

Undesired effect of low pass filtering

A

Loss of fine detail

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27
Q

What is masking

A

Suppressing pixel values

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28
Q

What does equalization do

A

Evens brightness

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29
Q

How to calculate size of pixels in a matrix

A

FOV / matrix

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30
Q

If the exposure is too high or too low, what can bring it back into diagnostic quality

A

Automatic rescaling

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31
Q

What does oversaturation look like on an image

A

Overall loss of contrast, very gray

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32
Q

What does MTF relate to

A

Speed class, fidelity, accuracy, absorption coefficient

33
Q

What is the purpose of a reference histogram

A

To bring any exposure into the ideal brightness, density, and contrast levels

34
Q

What causes a wraparound image

A

Aliasing, Moire effect

35
Q

What is an exposure latitude

A

Multiple exposures on different patients that are all fit within diagnostic quality

36
Q

What is quantization

A

Assigning of digital densities to each pixel

37
Q

What layer of the IP is the “active layer”

A

Phosphor layer

38
Q

What are the two types of phosphors

A

Turbid and needle

39
Q

Does direct or indirect capture give the best spatial resolution

A

Direct

40
Q

Does direct or indirect capture give the lowest patient dose

A

Indirect

41
Q

What is the purpose of the DEL

A

Collect electrons and represent the exposure level, essentially pixels

42
Q

What is DQE

A

Sensitivity and accuracy by which the IR converts incoming data to viewing device

43
Q

What is the perfect DQE

A

100%

44
Q

What happens to speed if you increase kvp

A

Increase

45
Q

What type of detectors have the highest DQE

A

Amorphous selenium

46
Q

What are the minimum values of the histogram

A

Whites

47
Q

What are the maximum values of the histogram

A

Blacks

48
Q

What are the two forms of histogram analysis

A

Priori and neural

49
Q

Priori uses how many histograms

A

1

50
Q

Neural uses how many histograms

A

Two or more

51
Q

What determines the size of the pixels

A

The matrix

52
Q

Spatial location domain is based on:

A

X and Y locations for each pixel

53
Q

Spatial frequency domain is based on:

A

Number of cycles per unit length

54
Q

What is the mathematical algorithm applied to change an image from spatial location domain to spatial frequency domain

A

Fourier transformation

55
Q

If you increase window width, what happens to contrast

A

Decreases

56
Q

If you increase window level, what happens to brightness

A

Gets darker

57
Q

What is automatic shuttering

A

Blackening our the white collimation borders

58
Q

High sampling frequency does what to detail and storage

A

Increase detail

Decrease storage

59
Q

2.5 line pairs/mm sample at __pixels/mm

A

5

60
Q

An S value of 200 indicates that the IP received about __mR

A

1

61
Q

What refers to a gradual increase in patient exposure over time due to wide exposure latitude of digital processing

A

Dose creep

62
Q

What does DAP mean, and what does it do

A

Dose area product, measures patient’s entrance skin dose

63
Q

Where is the DAP located

A

Collimator box

64
Q

What does the DAP not take into account

A

SID

65
Q

What resolution monitors are used for CT

A

1K

66
Q

What resolution monitors are used for general exams

A

2K 3K

67
Q

What resolution monitors are used for mammography

A

5K

68
Q

What is the purpose of DICOM

A

Standardized public format and protocol for communicating imaging files

69
Q

What is a film digitizer

A

A device that converts an analog film image into a digital computer image

70
Q

What is a hard copy of an image

A

Images produced on film using a laser printer

71
Q

What is a soft copy image

A

Images viewed on a flat screen monitor

72
Q

What is veiling glare

A

Light from inside the monitor that floods the retinas

73
Q

What does the conductor layer of the IP do

A

Absorbs light to increase sharpness

74
Q

What does the light shield layer of the IP do

A

Prevents light from erasing data

75
Q

What does the backing layer of the IP do

A

Lined with lead to reduce backscatter

76
Q

What is the factor that makes DR IR’s respond faster

A

Increases kvp

77
Q

What imaging system has the best contrast resolution

A

DR

78
Q

What is fast scan with digital imaging

A

Reading of the DEL’s

Radiography (11 decks)

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