1101 Flashcards
AUP
Acceptable Use Policy
The conduct expected from a person using a computer or service. ISPs and other online services provide their customers with an acceptable use policy (AUP), which may prohibit spamming or commercial usage. Also called an “acceptable use policy/Internet use policy” (AUP/IUP), schools and universities provide AUPs for students using the computer lab, which defines unacceptable behavior.
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
A protocol used to access a directory listing in a TCP/IP network. LDAP is used to query network directories, email servers and other information repositories. It is a sibling protocol to HTTP and FTP and uses the ldap:// prefix in its URL.
MBR
Master Boot Record
The first sector of the primary storage partition in a BIOS-based computer. The MBR contains a small program and the partition table. When the program is executed, it determines which partition contains the active operating system and branches to the boot program in that partition’s boot sector to load it.
Dfs
Distributed File System
An enhancement to Windows server operating systems that allows files scattered across multiple servers to be treated as a single group. With Dfs, a network administrator can build a hierarchical file system that spans the organization’s LANs and WANs.
SAN
Storage Area Network
An array of storage drives in a self-contained unit. In large enterprises, SANs serve as pools of storage for the servers in the network. Compared to managing drives attached to each server, SANs improve system administration. Treating all storage as a single resource makes drive maintenance and routine backups easier to schedule and control. To support disaster recovery, redundant SANs are deployed in separate locations, each a copy of the other.
HAL
Hardware Abstraction Layer
An interface between hardware and software. A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) is generally used as a common driver for peripheral devices. The application calls the operating system; the OS calls the HAL, and the HAL instructions activate the specific hardware.
RJ-11
Registered Jack-11
A telephone interface that uses a cable of twisted wire pairs and a modular jack with two, four or six contacts. RJ-11 is the common connector for plugging a telephone into the wall and the handset into the telephone.
RJ-45
Registered Jack-45
A common data networking interface that employs a cable of twisted wire pairs and an 8-pin modular jack. RJ-45 is used for Ethernet and Type 3 Token Ring networks.
DNS
Domain Name System
The Internet’s system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses. For example, when a Web address (URL) is typed into a browser, DNS servers return the IP address of the Web server associated with that name. In this made-up example, the DNS converts the URL www.company.com into the IP address 204.0.8.51.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
The automatic assigning of IP addresses to client machines logging into an IP network. The same address, although technically temporary, may remain with a machine indefinitely unless a conflict arises with other devices on the network.
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
A TCP/IP protocol that is widely used for streaming audio and video, voice over IP (VoIP) and videoconferencing. UDP is considered an unreliable delivery protocol because it does not check for errors. When transmitting voice and video, there is no time to retransmit erroneous or dropped packets.
UDP is “connectionless” and does not use a handshake to start a session like TCP does. For example, in a broadcast session with multiple destinations, UDP does not set up a connection with each receiver beforehand.
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
The reliable transport protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP ensures that all data arrive accurately and 100% intact at the other end.
TCP is “connection oriented” and requires a handshake before the session can begin.
PSU Voltages
3.3v, 5v, and 12v
12 volts is commonly used for drives, while 3.3v and 5v are used by the chips and other motherboard components.
DaaS
Desktop As A Service
A thin client architecture that is delivered from a cloud service provider rather than from in-house servers. The users’ computers function like remote input/output terminals to the servers in the datacenter.
IaaS
Infrastructure As A Service
A cloud computing service that provides a basic computing platform, typically the hardware and virtual machine (VM) infrastructure (no operating system) or the hardware and an operating system.
PaaS
Platform As A Service
A cloud computing service that provides a comprehensive computing environment. PaaS includes the hardware, operating system, database and other necessary software for the execution of applications. It may include a complete development environment as well. PaaS is a step up from “infrastructure as a service” (IaaS), which provides only the servers and operating systems.
SaaS
Software As A Service
Software that is rented rather than purchased. Instead of buying applications and paying for periodic upgrades, SaaS is subscription based, and upgrades are automatic during the subscription period.
HDD Max RPM
15,000 RPM
RAID 0
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Striping (for Performance)
2 or More Drives
Data are broken into blocks, called “stripes,” and alternately written to two or more drives simultaneously to increase speed. For example, stripe 1 is written to drive 1 at the same time stripe 2 is written to drive 2. Then stripes 3 and 4 are written to drives 1 and 2 simultaneously and so on. When reading, stripes 1 and 2 are read simultaneously; then stripes 3 and 4 and so on.
RAID 1
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Mirroring (for Fault Tolerance)
2 Drives
Increases safety by writing the same data on two drives. Called “mirroring,” RAID 1 does not increase performance. However, if one drive fails, the second drive is used, and the failed drive is manually replaced. After replacement, the RAID controller duplicates the contents of the working drive onto the new one.
RAID 3
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Striping plus Fault Tolerance
3 or More Drives
Increases safety by computing parity data and increases speed by interleaving data across two or more drives (striping). RAID 3 achieves the highest data transfer rate because all drives operate in parallel. Using byte level striping, parity bits are stored on separate, dedicated drives.
RAID 5
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Striping plus Fault Tolerance
3 or More Drives
Increases safety by computing parity data and increases speed by interleaving data across three or more drives (striping). RAID 5 is similar to RAID 3, except that RAID 5 parity is distributed among all drives, whereas RAID 3 uses separate parity drives.
RAID 10
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Striping and Mirroring
4 Drives
Increases safety by writing the same data on two drives (mirroring), while increasing speed by interleaving data across two or more mirrored “virtual” drives (striping). RAID 10 provides the most security and speed but uses more drives than the more common RAID 5 method.
What cable provides no EMI protection?
UTP
Unshielded Twisted Pair
What cable provides complete EMI immunity?
Fiber
Which of these are fiber cable connectors?
ST, BNC, LC, F-type, SC
ST, LC, and SC
Straight Tip, Lucent Connector, and Standard/Subscriber Connector
What type of USB is found on computers and chargers?
Type A
What type of USB is found on printers and scanners?
Type B
What type of USB is found on digital cameras?
Type B Mini
What type of USB is found on older smartphones and tablets?
Type B Micro
What type of USB is found on just about everything?
Type C
Which of these can output analog video?
HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, DVI-A, DVI-D, DVI-I
VGA, DVI-A, and DVI-I
Which of these can output digital video?
HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, DVI-A, DVI-D, DVI-I
HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI-D, and DVI-I
Which type of screen has richer colors?
LCD or OLED
OLED
Which type of screen has blacker blacks?
LCD or OLED
OLED
Which type of screen has worse contrast?
LCD or OLED
LCD
Which type of screen has a smaller viewing angle?
LCD or OLED
LCD
Which type of screen has faster speeds?
LCD or OLED
OLED
Which type of screen is susceptible to image retention and burn-in?
LCD or OLED
OLED
Which type of screen requires a backlight?
LCD or OLED
LCD
Which is used as a backlight for LCD screens?
CCFL, LED, or CRT
LED
Which type of current comes from your wall outlet?
AC or DC
AC
Alternating Current
The common form of electricity from power plant to home and office. Its direction is reversed 60 times per second in the U.S.; 50 times in Europe.
Which type of current is used within a computer’s circuits?
AC or DC
DC
Direct Current
An electrical current that travels in one direction and is used within the computer’s electronic circuits.
MDM
Mobile Device Management
Providing centralized control of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices. Mobile device management (MDM) enables applications and configuration settings to be deployed to multiple devices in the field. The MDM server interacts with an application in the client device and can also be used to wipe out the contact data and other settings in lost and stolen phones or those from terminated employees.
MAM
Mobile Application Management
The software and services responsible for provisioning and controlling access to mobile apps used in business settings, on both company-provided and ‘bring your own’ mobile operating systems. Mobile application management provides granular controls at the application level which enable system administrators to manage and secure application data.
What is OSI Layer 1?
Physical Layer
Electrical signals and cabling.
What is OSI Layer 2?
Data Link Layer
Transmits packets from node to node based on station address.
What is OSI Layer 3?
Network Layer
Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address.
What is OSI Layer 4?
Transport Layer
Ensures delivery of entire file or message.
What is OSI Layer 5?
Session Layer
Starts, stops session. Maintains order.
What is OSI Layer 6?
Presentation Layer
Encryption, data conversion: ASCII to EBCDIC, BCD to binary, etc.
What is OSI Layer 7?
Application Layer
Type of communication: E-mail, file transfer, client/server.
What’s the difference between a port and a slot?
The word “port” implies an external connection to a peripheral device, whereas “slot” generally refers to an internal bus connection. For example, USB and Ethernet ports are sockets on the outside of the computer case that a cable plugs into. In contrast, PCI Express (PCIe) slots are sockets on the motherboard that expansion cards are inserted in.
What are the two primary data buses in a modern PC?
PCIe and USB
What’s the first step in replacing a failing drive?
- Removing the drive
- Backing up the data
- Turning off the PSU
- Running diagnostic tools
Backing Up the Data
What is the Loopback Address and what is it used for?
127.0.0.1
An address that sends outgoing signals back to the same computer for testing.
What does APIPA stand for, what does it do, and what range of addresses does it use?
Automatic Private IP Addressing
The Windows function that provides DHCP autoconfiguration addressing.
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
What is a Private IP Address and what ranges does it use?
An IP address within three ranges of numbers that are set aside for the computers in local networks. Assigned to the devices in the network by the DHCP service in the router, these private addresses are not visible on the Internet.
X is any number from 0 - 255
Class A = 10.X.X.X, Class B = 172.16.X.X, Class C = 192.168.X.X
What is a Public IP Address?
The public-facing numeric address of every home with a wireless router or business network connected to the Internet. Assigned by the cable, telecom or satellite company, all outgoing queries and requests to the Internet are identified by the public IP address so that all incoming responses are sent back to this address. The URL of a website is the human-readable name associated with this numeric IP address.
The unique 48-bit serial number in the network circuitry of every Ethernet and Wi-Fi device.
MAC Address
Media Access Control
Cable that is suitable for running in air ducts and spaces between the floor and ceiling. It uses a fire retardant coating that must comply with local building codes.
Plenum Cable
What is plenum?
In a building, the space between the real ceiling and the dropped ceiling, which is often used as an air duct for heating and air conditioning. It is also filled with electrical, telephone and network wires.
How do you represent an IPv4 IP address?
Four octets separated by dots
For example: 204.171.64.2
An octet is a unit of digital information consisting of eight bits. Can be used to represent any number between 0 and 255.
How do you represent an IPv6 IP address?
Eight sets of four hexadecimal characters separated by colons
For example: 2001:fe80:d4e4:d1e6:ca2e:c310:d55b:f0ae
Hexidecimal characters are 0-9 and A-F.
How would you shorten this IPv6 address?
2001:0cb0:0000:0000:0fc0:0000:0000:0abc
2001:cb0::fc0:0:0:abc
or
2001:cb0:0:0:fc0::abc
Common Mistake 1 - using :: twice
2001:cb0::fc0::abc
Common Mistake 2 - removing trailing zeros
2001:cb::fc:0:0:abc
What step in the Troubleshooting Process is missing?
- Identify the Problem
- Establish a Theory
- Test the Theory
- Evaluate Results: Is it working?
- Establish a Plan of Action
- Implement the Plan
- ______________________
- Document Findings
Verify Full System Functionality
What are the three major LCD technologies?
TN, IPS, and VA
Twisted Nematic, In-Plane Switching, and Vertical Alignment
Demarc
Demarcation Point
The location within a home or office where the line from the telephone company enters the building. A physical location where a customer’s network begins and a service provider’s network ends.
Also called the “minimum point of entry” (MPOE).
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 0 (802.11)
2.4 GHz
Max Speed = 1 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 1 (802.11b)
2.4 GHz
Max Speed = 2 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 2 (802.11a)
5 GHz
Max Speed = 11 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 3 (802.11g)
2.4 GHz
Max Speed = 54 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n)
2.4 and 5 GHz
Max Speed = 600 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac)
5 GHz
Max Speed = 6,933 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax)
2.4 and 5 GHz
Max Speed = 9,608 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 6e (802.11ax)
6 GHz
Max Speed = 9,608 Mbps
What band(s) does this Wi-Fi version use?
Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be)
2.4, 5, and 6 GHz
Max Speed = 46,120 Mbps
Which type of fiber cabling has a larger core?
Single-Mode or Multimode
Multimode
50–62.5 µm vs Single-Mode’s <10 µm
Which type of fiber cabling has a greater maximum transmission distance?
Single-Mode or Multimode
Single-Mode
140 kilometers vs Multimode’s 1 kilometers
Which type of fiber cabling has a cheaper cost?
Single-Mode or Multimode
Multimode
The reversible 8-pin plug and socket for Apple mobile devices…
Thunderbolt or Lightning?
Lightning
Put the 7 steps of the printing process for a laser printer in order.
- Cleaning and Recharging
- Developing
- Charging
- Fusing
- Exposing
- Image Processing
- Transferring
- Image Processing
- Charging
- Exposing
- Developing
- Transferring
- Fusing
- Cleaning and Recharging
