1.1. Transport Across the Red Blood Cell Membrane

Question 1

Red Blood Cell (RBC)

Answer 1

• Erythrocyte
• Cellular component of blood

Question 2

Functions of RBC

Answer 2

• Carry oxygen to the different parts of the body
• Contains HEMOGLOBIN (oxygen carrying protein)

Question 3

Hemoglobin

Answer 3

• Pigment that gives blood its red color
• Transports 23% of carbon dioxide in the blood
• Combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

Question 4

Mature Human Red Blood Cell

Answer 4

• Small, round (spherical), and biconcave
  (concave both disc)
• Appears dumbbell-shaped in profile
• Lack nucleus and other organelles
• Can neither carry on extensive metabolic phase
• Consists of a selectively permeable plasma membrane, cytosol and hemoglobin

Question 5

Healthy Adult Male RBC

Answer 5

• 5.4 mil microliter of blood

Question 6

Healthy Adult Female RBC

Answer 6

• 4.8 mil microliter of blood

Question 7

Diffusion

Answer 7

• Random movement due to intrinsic kinetic energy movement is down a concentration gradient (downhill) does not require
• There should be Concentration Gradient

Question 8

Net Diffusion

Answer 8

Movement from high to low concentration

Question 9

Osmosis

Answer 9

Diffusion of water or solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

Question 10

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 10

• Force required to prevent membrane of water across cell membrane
• The higher the concentration, the higher the osmotic pressure

Question 11

Isotonic

Answer 11

• Equal osmotic pressures
• Equal solute concentration
• Isotonic environments show no effect on cells
• Isotonic solutions are not helpful in food preservation
• Water does not move
• Cells remain intact

Question 12

Hypotonic

Answer 12

• Lower osmotic pressure
• Lower concentration of solute
• Hypotonic environments cause cells to swell (water moves by osmosis)
• Hypotonic solutions are not helpful in food preservation
• Has lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 13

Lysis (Hypotonic)

Answer 13

Cells swell enough to rupture

Question 14

Hemolysis (Hypotonic)

Answer 14

Bursting of RBC

Question 15

Hypertonic

Answer 15

• Have comparatively higher osmotic pressure
• High concentration
• Hypertonic environments cause cells to shrink (water molecules move out of the cells by exosmosis faster than they enter the cell)
• Hypertonic solutions are helpful in food preservations
• Cell shrinkage = Crenation

Question 16

Capillary Puncture Procedure 1

Answer 16

Sanitize hands and put on gloves to protect the phlebotomist from blood borne pathogen exposure

Question 17

Capillary Puncture Procedure 2

Answer 17

Position the arm to be supported on a firm surface with the hand extended and the palm up

Question 18

Capillary Puncture Procedure 3

Answer 18

Select the puncture or incision site (central, fleshy portion and slightly side or center of the middle or ring finger)

Question 19

Capillary Puncture Procedure 4

Answer 19

• Sterilize and air-dry the site
• 70% Isopropanol is recommended for cleaning capillary puncture sites.
• Air-drying the site provides maximum antiseptic action, and prevents alcohol contamination

Question 20

Capillary Puncture Procedure 5

Answer 20

• Perform capillary puncture with a lancet
• Do not reuse lancet
• Do not use an already used lancet on another person
• Throw the lancet in the proper container labeled “sharps”

Question 21

Capillary Puncture Procedure 6

Answer 21

• Puncture the site and discard the lancet
• Grasp patient’s finger with the non-dominant thumb and index finger
• Place the lancet flat against the
  (a) slightly side center of the fleshy pad of the 3rd or 4th finger
  (b) perpendicular to the fingerprint whorls
  (c) prick (must not be too shallow nor too deep)

Question 22

Capillary Puncture Procedure 7

Answer 22

• Wipe away the first drop of blood with a gauze pad to:
  (a) prevent contamination of specimen with excess tissue fluid
  (b) removes the alcohol residue