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[ MT632 Lab ] Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology > 1.0. Language of Anatomy > Flashcards

1.0. Language of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A
  • Study of structures
  • Greek word “ana” means “up”
  • Greek word “tome” means “cut”
  • Study of morphology & structures through dissection
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2
Q

Physiology

A
  • Study of how structures function
  • Greek word “physis” meaning “nature/origin”
  • Greek word “logia” means “study or the study of”
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3
Q

Pathology

A
  • Study of disease
  • Greek word “pathos” means “disease”
  • Greek word “logia” means “study or the study of”
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4
Q

Pathophysiology

A
  • Functional changes that accompany a particular disease
  • Convergence of pathology & physiology
  • Disordered physiological process that cause or result from or associated with a disease or injury
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5
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • Standard position used to describe or refer to particular part of the body
  • Fixed imaginary position
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6
Q

In the anatomical position, the subject:

A
  • Stands erect
  • Arms are close to the sides
  • Faces the observer
  • Palms of the hands are facing forward (thumb is slightly directed away from the median plane)
  • Head level & eyes should face
  • Directly forward
  • Feet flat on the floor & directed forward (not too wide apart)
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7
Q

Supine

A

Lying face upward

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8
Q

Prone

A

Lying face downward

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9
Q

Anterior / Ventral

A

Front / belly side

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10
Q

Posterior / Dorsal

A

Back side

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11
Q

Superior

A
  • Closer to the top of the head
  • Used for the axial region only
  • Cephalic in humans
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12
Q

Inferior

A
  • Farther away from the top of the head
  • Used for the axial region only
  • Caudal (in humans)
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13
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline of body

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14
Q

Lateral

A
  • Away from midline of body

- Side

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15
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to body

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16
Q

Distal

A

Farther from body

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17
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to surface

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18
Q

Deep

A

Farther from surface

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19
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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20
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

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21
Q

Axial Region

A
  • Anatomical Region

- Head, neck, and trunk (longitudinal axis)

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22
Q

Abdominal

A
  • Axial region

- Belly

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23
Q

Axillary

A
  • Axial region

- Armpit

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24
Q

Cranial / Cephalic

A
  • Axial region

- Head

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25
Q

Cervical

A
  • Axial region

- Neck

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26
Q

Inguinal

A
  • Axial region

- Groin

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27
Q

Pelvic

A
  • Axial region

- Lower Trunk

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28
Q

Thoracic

A
  • Axial region

- Chest

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29
Q

Umbilical

A
  • Axial region

- Navel

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30
Q

Appendicular Region

A
  • Anatomical Region

- Arms and legs

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31
Q

Brachial

A
  • Appendicular region

- Arm

32
Q

Carpal

A
  • Appendicular region

- Wrist

33
Q

Cubital

A
  • Appendicular region

- Elbow

34
Q

Femoral

A
  • Appendicular region

- Thigh

35
Q

Palmar

A
  • Appendicular region

- Palms of hands

36
Q

Patellar

A
  • Appendicular region

- Knee

37
Q

Plantar

A
  • Appendicular region

- Soles of feet

38
Q

Tarsal

A
  • Appendicular region

- Ankle

39
Q

Body Cavities

A
  • Spaces within the body
  • Protect & support internal organs
  • Bones, muscles & ligaments separate the various body cavities
  • There’s no wall that separates the cranial & vertebral cavities
40
Q

3 General Body Cavities

A

Dorsal Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity

41
Q

Dorsal Body Cavities

A

Houses the nervous system

42
Q

2 Cavities of Dorsal Body Cavities

A
  • CRANIAL CAVITY (houses brain)

- VERTEBRAL / SPINAL CAVITY (houses spinal cord)

43
Q

3 Layers of Meninges that Protect Dorsal Body Cavity

A
  • Dura Meter
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia Meter
44
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A
  • VISCERA (organs inside this cavity)
45
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • Division in Ventral Body Cavity divided by diaphragm
  • Houses lungs and heart
  • Surrounded by rib cage
  • Muscular diaphragm separates it from abdominopelvic cavity
  • Divided into left & right parts by
    MEDIASTINUM (contains heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, & other structures)
46
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A
  • Division in Ventral Body Cavity divided by diaphragm
  • ABDOMINAL CAVITY (digestive system – stomach, intestines, liver spleen, pancreas, and kidneys)
  • PELVIC CAVITY (urinary bladder, parts of large intestine, and internal reproductive organs)
47
Q

Serous Membrane

A
  • Double layered membranes that contains fluid between 2 layers:
  • PARIETAL (outer layer) & VISCERAL layers (next to organ)
  • SEROUS FLUID (in between)
48
Q

Pleura

A
  • Membrane that encapsulate major organs

- Surrounds each of the lungs in Thoracic Cavity

49
Q

2 Types of Pleura

A
  • VISCERAL PLEURA (indirect contact with lungs)

- PARIETAL PLEURA (not indirect with lungs)

50
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

Fills space between Parietal and Visceral Pleura

51
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Membrane that encapsulate major organs

- Surrounds heart

52
Q

2 Types of Pericardium

A
  • VISCERAL (in contact with heart)

- PARIETAL (not contact with heart)

53
Q

Pericardial Fluid

A

Fills space between Pleura and Pericardium

54
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • Double layered and has many abdominal
    organ pushed into it from the posterior wall
    of the abdominopelvic cavity
  • Lines anterior wall of Abdominopelvic Cavity
55
Q

2 Types of Peritoneum

A
  • VISCERAL PERITONEUM (covers several but not all organs of abdominal cavity)
  • PARIETAL PERITONEUM
56
Q

Retroperitoneal

A
  • Between Parietal Peritoneum and Posterior Abdominal wall

- Most pancreas are here

57
Q

Regions of Abdomen

A
  1. Umbilical region
  2. Epigastric region
  3. Hypogastric region
  4. Right & left iliac region
  5. Right & left lumbar region
  6. Right & left hypochondriac region
  7. Appendix
  8. Stomach
  9. Small and large intestine
58
Q

Umbilical Region

A
  • Centermost
  • Deep
  • Surrounds umbilicus
59
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Superior to Umbilical Region

60
Q

Hypogastric Region

A
  • Pubic

- Inferior to umbilical region

61
Q

Right & Left Iliac Region

A
  • Inguinal

- Lateral to hypogastric

62
Q

Right & Left Lumbar Region

A

Lateral to umbilical

63
Q

Right & Left Hypochondriac Region

A

Overlie lower ribs

64
Q

Appendix

A

Right lower quadrant

65
Q

Stomach

A

Left upper quadrant

66
Q

Small and Large Intestine

A

Umbilical region

67
Q

Nine-Region Designations

A
  • SUBCOASTAL LINE (line of the ribcage, and 10th costal cartilage)
  • TRANSTUBERCULAR LINE (5th lumbar vertebra)
  • MIDCLAVICULAR LINE (middle part of the clavicle / collar bone)
68
Q

Longitudinal

A

Superior to inferior

69
Q

Transverse

A

Left to right or side to side

70
Q

Sagittal

A

Anterior to posterior

71
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Sagittal
Oblique
Frontal
Transversal

72
Q

Sagittal Plane

A
  • Anatomical Plane
  • Top to bottom
  • Cuts the body into left and right parts
73
Q

2 Types of Sagittal Plane

A
  • MIDSAGITTAL (runs through center of body, equal left and right parts)
  • PARASAGITTAL (parallel to midsagittal, unequal parts of body, “para” - rather on side)
74
Q

Oblique Plane

A
  • Anatomical Plane
  • Plane that is any type of angle other than horizontal or vertical angle
  • Something is not parallel
75
Q

Frontal Plane / Coronal Plane

A
  • Anatomical Plane
  • Runs vertically from top to bottom
  • Divides body into anterior and posterior
76
Q

Transverse Plane / Horizontal Plane / Cross Plane

A
  • Anatomical Plane
  • Runs parallel to ground
  • Cuts body into superior and anterior
  • Cross section or transverse section

[ MT632 Lab ] Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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