1.0. Language of Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
- Study of structures
- Greek word “ana” means “up”
- Greek word “tome” means “cut”
- Study of morphology & structures through dissection
Physiology
- Study of how structures function
- Greek word “physis” meaning “nature/origin”
- Greek word “logia” means “study or the study of”
Pathology
- Study of disease
- Greek word “pathos” means “disease”
- Greek word “logia” means “study or the study of”
Pathophysiology
- Functional changes that accompany a particular disease
- Convergence of pathology & physiology
- Disordered physiological process that cause or result from or associated with a disease or injury
Anatomical Position
- Standard position used to describe or refer to particular part of the body
- Fixed imaginary position
In the anatomical position, the subject:
- Stands erect
- Arms are close to the sides
- Faces the observer
- Palms of the hands are facing forward (thumb is slightly directed away from the median plane)
- Head level & eyes should face
- Directly forward
- Feet flat on the floor & directed forward (not too wide apart)
Supine
Lying face upward
Prone
Lying face downward
Anterior / Ventral
Front / belly side
Posterior / Dorsal
Back side
Superior
- Closer to the top of the head
- Used for the axial region only
- Cephalic in humans
Inferior
- Farther away from the top of the head
- Used for the axial region only
- Caudal (in humans)
Medial
Toward midline of body
Lateral
- Away from midline of body
- Side
Proximal
Closer to body
Distal
Farther from body
Superficial
Closer to surface
Deep
Farther from surface
Ipsilateral
Same side of body
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Axial Region
- Anatomical Region
- Head, neck, and trunk (longitudinal axis)
Abdominal
- Axial region
- Belly
Axillary
- Axial region
- Armpit
Cranial / Cephalic
- Axial region
- Head
Cervical
- Axial region
- Neck
Inguinal
- Axial region
- Groin
Pelvic
- Axial region
- Lower Trunk
Thoracic
- Axial region
- Chest
Umbilical
- Axial region
- Navel
Appendicular Region
- Anatomical Region
- Arms and legs
Brachial
- Appendicular region
- Arm
Carpal
- Appendicular region
- Wrist
Cubital
- Appendicular region
- Elbow
Femoral
- Appendicular region
- Thigh
Palmar
- Appendicular region
- Palms of hands
Patellar
- Appendicular region
- Knee
Plantar
- Appendicular region
- Soles of feet
Tarsal
- Appendicular region
- Ankle
Body Cavities
- Spaces within the body
- Protect & support internal organs
- Bones, muscles & ligaments separate the various body cavities
- There’s no wall that separates the cranial & vertebral cavities
3 General Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Dorsal Body Cavities
Houses the nervous system
2 Cavities of Dorsal Body Cavities
- CRANIAL CAVITY (houses brain)
- VERTEBRAL / SPINAL CAVITY (houses spinal cord)
3 Layers of Meninges that Protect Dorsal Body Cavity
- Dura Meter
- Arachnoid
- Pia Meter
Ventral Body Cavity
- VISCERA (organs inside this cavity)
Thoracic Cavity
- Division in Ventral Body Cavity divided by diaphragm
- Houses lungs and heart
- Surrounded by rib cage
- Muscular diaphragm separates it from abdominopelvic cavity
- Divided into left & right parts by
MEDIASTINUM (contains heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, & other structures)
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Division in Ventral Body Cavity divided by diaphragm
- ABDOMINAL CAVITY (digestive system – stomach, intestines, liver spleen, pancreas, and kidneys)
- PELVIC CAVITY (urinary bladder, parts of large intestine, and internal reproductive organs)
Serous Membrane
- Double layered membranes that contains fluid between 2 layers:
- PARIETAL (outer layer) & VISCERAL layers (next to organ)
- SEROUS FLUID (in between)
Pleura
- Membrane that encapsulate major organs
- Surrounds each of the lungs in Thoracic Cavity
2 Types of Pleura
- VISCERAL PLEURA (indirect contact with lungs)
- PARIETAL PLEURA (not indirect with lungs)
Pleural Fluid
Fills space between Parietal and Visceral Pleura
Pericardium
- Membrane that encapsulate major organs
- Surrounds heart
2 Types of Pericardium
- VISCERAL (in contact with heart)
- PARIETAL (not contact with heart)
Pericardial Fluid
Fills space between Pleura and Pericardium
Peritoneum
- Double layered and has many abdominal
organ pushed into it from the posterior wall
of the abdominopelvic cavity - Lines anterior wall of Abdominopelvic Cavity
2 Types of Peritoneum
- VISCERAL PERITONEUM (covers several but not all organs of abdominal cavity)
- PARIETAL PERITONEUM
Retroperitoneal
- Between Parietal Peritoneum and Posterior Abdominal wall
- Most pancreas are here
Regions of Abdomen
- Umbilical region
- Epigastric region
- Hypogastric region
- Right & left iliac region
- Right & left lumbar region
- Right & left hypochondriac region
- Appendix
- Stomach
- Small and large intestine
Umbilical Region
- Centermost
- Deep
- Surrounds umbilicus
Epigastric Region
Superior to Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region
- Pubic
- Inferior to umbilical region
Right & Left Iliac Region
- Inguinal
- Lateral to hypogastric
Right & Left Lumbar Region
Lateral to umbilical
Right & Left Hypochondriac Region
Overlie lower ribs
Appendix
Right lower quadrant
Stomach
Left upper quadrant
Small and Large Intestine
Umbilical region
Nine-Region Designations
- SUBCOASTAL LINE (line of the ribcage, and 10th costal cartilage)
- TRANSTUBERCULAR LINE (5th lumbar vertebra)
- MIDCLAVICULAR LINE (middle part of the clavicle / collar bone)
Longitudinal
Superior to inferior
Transverse
Left to right or side to side
Sagittal
Anterior to posterior
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal
Oblique
Frontal
Transversal
Sagittal Plane
- Anatomical Plane
- Top to bottom
- Cuts the body into left and right parts
2 Types of Sagittal Plane
- MIDSAGITTAL (runs through center of body, equal left and right parts)
- PARASAGITTAL (parallel to midsagittal, unequal parts of body, “para” - rather on side)
Oblique Plane
- Anatomical Plane
- Plane that is any type of angle other than horizontal or vertical angle
- Something is not parallel
Frontal Plane / Coronal Plane
- Anatomical Plane
- Runs vertically from top to bottom
- Divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse Plane / Horizontal Plane / Cross Plane
- Anatomical Plane
- Runs parallel to ground
- Cuts body into superior and anterior
- Cross section or transverse section
