11 textbook questions

Question 1

When is walking typically mastered?

Answer 1

around 12 months

Question 2

Longitudinal designs are more sensitive to…

Answer 2

developmental changes

Question 3

Weaknesses of a longitudinal study:

Answer 3

They can take years to complete which causes participants to drop out as they lose intereset

Question 4

When is temperamental individuality well established? Who found this out?

Answer 4

• 2 to 3 months

- Thomas and Chess

Question 5

3 basic styles of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess:

Answer 5

• 40% of youngsters were easy children who tended to be happy, sleep regularly and eat
• 15% were slow to warm up, children tended to be less cheery, sleeping less regularly, slower in adapting to change
• 10% are difficult children who tended to be glum, erratic in sleeping and eating and resistant to change

Question 6

When do infants show a strong preference for their mum?

Answer 6

around 6 - 8 months

Question 7

Who believes infants are biologically programmed to emit behaviour triggering affectionate and protective responses from adults?

Answer 7

Bowlby

Question 8

What does Mary Salter Ainsworth suggest in regards to attachment?

Answer 8

Attachment emerges out of a complex interplay between infant and mother

Question 9

What method did Mary Salter use?

Answer 9

Strange situation procedure

Question 10

Ainsworth found that infant mother attachments follow what three patterns?

Answer 10

Secure attachment – playing and exploring with the comfortability with their mother present and visibly upset when mother leaves and calm when she returns
Anxious-ambivalent attachment – children appear anxious when their mother is near and excessively protest when she leaves, but not particularly comforted when she returns
Avoidant attachment – children seek little contact with their mother and not often distressed when she leaves

Question 11

When does separation anxiety emerge?

Answer 11

6 to 8 months and peaks at about 14-18 months

Question 12

Who put together the first major theory of personality development?

Answer 12

Sigmund Freud (1900)
- He claimed that the basic foundation of an individual’s personality is firmly laid down by age five

Question 13

What did Freud theorize?

Answer 13

that personality continues to evolve over the entire life span

Question 14

What theory did Erik Erikson develop?

Answer 14

Stage theory of development

Question 15

Stage theories assume:

Answer 15

• Individuals must progress through specified stages in a particular order as each stage build upon another
• Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
• Development is marked by major discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behaviour

Question 16

Erikson’s stage theory

Answer 16

• Trust vs. mistrust
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Initiative vs. guilt
• Industry vs. inferiority

Question 17

Trust vs. mistrust

Answer 17

• The first year of life
• if an infant’s biological needs are adequately met by its caregivers, the child should develop an optimistic, trusting attitude towards the world and the opposite could lead to a more distrusting, pessimistic personality

Question 18

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 18

• Unfolds during the second and third years of life
• The child must begin to take some personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing and will hopefully gain a sense of self-sufficiency if not, and the parents are never satisfied with the child’s efforts, then the child may develop a sense of personal shame and self-doubt

Question 19

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 19

• Lasts roughly from ages three to six
• Children experiment with their parents’ rules possibly causing overcontrolling parents to instill feelings of guilt causing self-esteem to suffer
• Parents should support their children’s emerging independence while maintaining appropriate control

Question 20

Piaget’s stage theory:

Answer 20

• He proposed that youngsters progress through 4 major stages of cognitive development,
  Sensorimotor period, pre-operational period, concrete operational period, formal operational period

Question 21

Industry vs. inferiority

Answer 21

• Age six to puberty

- The challenge to function socially is extended beyond the family to a broader social realm

Question 22

Sensorimotor period

Answer 22

• (birth to age 2)

- Coordination of sensory input and motor responses

Question 23

Preoperational period

Answer 23

• (ages 2-7)

- Development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism

Question 24

Concrete operational

Answer 24

• period (7-11)
• Mental operations applied to concrete events, mastering conservation
• Children develop a variety of new problem-solving capacities

Question 25

Formal operational

Answer 25

- period (11-onward) | - Mental operations, applied to less abstract ideas; logical, systemic thinking

Question 26

Evaluating Piaget’s theory:

Answer 26

- Piaget has somewhat underestimated young children’s cognitive development - Piaget underestimated the influence of cultural factors on cognitive development

Question 27

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory:

Answer 27

- children acquire most of their culture’s cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of their society - Scaffolding facilitates learning

Question 28

Kohlberg’s stage theory

Answer 28

- focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behaviour - Found that individuals progress through a series of three levels of moral development, yielding a total of 6 stages - Younger children think in terms of external authority at the preconventional level - Older children and the conventional level of moral reasoning see rules as necessary for maintaining social order

Question 29

Punishment orientation:

Answer 29

right and wrong are determined by what is punished

Question 30

Naïve reward orientation:

Answer 30

right and wrong are determined by what is rewarded

Question 31

Good boy/good girl orientation:

Answer 31

right and wrong are determined by close others’ approval or disapproval

Question 32

Authority orientation:

Answer 32

right and wrong are determined by society’s rules and laws which should be obeyed rigidly

Question 33

Kohlberg's stages

Answer 33

- Punishment orientation - Naïve reward orientation - Good boy/good girl orientation: approval or disapproval - Authority orientation - Social contract orientation - Individual principles and conscience orientation

Question 34

Social contract orientation:

Answer 34

right and wrong are determined by society’s rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute

Question 35

Individual principles and conscience orientation:

Answer 35

right and wrong are determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

Question 36

Adolescence

Answer 36

- A transitional period between childhood and adulthood | - A critical time for the development of important physical and psychological attributes

Question 37

Growth of white matter suggests...

Answer 37

that neurons are becoming more myelinated leading to enhanced connectivity in the brain and a decrease in grey matter is thought to reflect synaptic pruning

Question 38

what is the last part of the brain to fully mature?

Answer 38

the prefrontal cortex

Question 39

What did G. Stanley Hall propose?

Answer 39

Adolescent years are characterized by convulsive instability and disturbing inner turmoil

Question 40

James Marcia proposes...

Answer 40

the presence or absence of a sense of commitment and a sense of crisis can combine to produce four different identity statuses

Question 41

Marcia's four identity statuses:

Answer 41

- Identity diffusion - Identity foreclosure - Identity moratorium - Identity achievement

Question 42

identity diffusion

Answer 42

a state of rudderless apathy, with no commitment to an ideology

Question 43

Identity foreclosure:

Answer 43

a premature commitment to visions, values and roles typically prescribed by one’s parents – associated with conformity and not new experiences

Question 44

Identity moratorium:

Answer 44

involves delaying commitment for a while to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers

Question 45

Identity achievement:

Answer 45

involves arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities – associated with higher self-esteem, conscientiousness, security, achievement motivation, and capacity for intimacy

Question 46

- Personality tends to be quite stable over periods of...

Answer 46

20 to 40 years

Question 47

Personality in adulthood is characterized by

Answer 47

both stability and change

Question 48

Erikson’s view of adulthood is divided into what 3 stages?

Answer 48

- Early adulthood stage: intimacy versus isolation - Middle adulthood: generativity versus self-absorption - Late adulthood: integrity versus despair

Question 49

Early adulthood stage: intimacy versus isolation

Answer 49

Concerned with whether one can develop the capacity to share intimacy with others

Question 50

Middle adulthood: generativity versus self-absorption

Answer 50

Challenge is concerned with acquiring general concern for the welfare of future generations resulting in providing unselfish guidance to younger people

Question 51

Late adulthood: integrity versus despair

Answer 51

The challenge is to avoid the tendency to dwell on the mistakes of the past and on one’s imminent death

Question 52

What is the average life expectancy predicted for 2031 in Canada?

Answer 52

81.9 for males and 86 for females

Question 53

brain tissue and brain weight increases or decreases gradually in late adulthood

Answer 53

decreases

Question 54

What can cause dementia?

Answer 54

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, AIDS

Question 55

Alzheimers's accounts for how many cases of dementia?

Answer 55

60-80%