11 (textbook) Flashcards
Prenatal period:
extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
Placenta:
structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream, and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother
Germinal stage:
first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception
Embryonic stage:
second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month
Fetal stage:
third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth
Age of viability:
age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
Teratogens:
any external agents such as drugs or viruses, than can harm and embryo or fetus
Threshold of viability:
age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
Fetal alcohol syndrome:
collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
Developmental norms:
indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities
Longitudinal design:
investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time
Cross-sectional design:
investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time
Cohort effects:
occur when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods
The prenatal period is divided into what three phases?
- Germinal
- Embryonic
- Fetal
Attachment:
close, emotional bonds that develop between infants and their caregivers
Separation anxiety:
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
Strange situation procedure:
infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment
Stage:
developmental period
- characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established
Cognitive development:
transitions in youngster’s patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
Assimilation:
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
Accommodation:
changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
Object permanence:
develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
Conservation:
awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
Dementia:
an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment