11 (textbook) Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal period:

A

extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy

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2
Q

Placenta:

A

structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream, and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

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3
Q

Germinal stage:

A

first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception

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4
Q

Embryonic stage:

A

second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month

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5
Q

Fetal stage:

A

third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth

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6
Q

Age of viability:

A

age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

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7
Q

Teratogens:

A

any external agents such as drugs or viruses, than can harm and embryo or fetus

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8
Q

Threshold of viability:

A

age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

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9
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome:

A

collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

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10
Q

Developmental norms:

A

indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities

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11
Q

Longitudinal design:

A

investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time

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12
Q

Cross-sectional design:

A

investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time

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13
Q

Cohort effects:

A

occur when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods

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14
Q

The prenatal period is divided into what three phases?

A
  • Germinal
  • Embryonic
  • Fetal
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15
Q

Attachment:

A

close, emotional bonds that develop between infants and their caregivers

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16
Q

Separation anxiety:

A

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

17
Q

Strange situation procedure:

A

infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment

18
Q

Stage:

A

developmental period

- characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established

19
Q

Cognitive development:

A

transitions in youngster’s patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

20
Q

Assimilation:

A

interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them

21
Q

Accommodation:

A

changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

22
Q

Object permanence:

A

develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

23
Q

Conservation:

A

awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

24
Q

Dementia:

A

an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment

25
Secondary sex characteristics:
physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but that are not essential for reproduction Eg.) facial hair, breast growth, wider hips, broader shoulders in men
26
Primary sex characteristics:
the structures necessary for reproduction Eg.) penis, testes, and other internal structures, in the male, vagina, uterus, and other related structures in the female
27
Menarche:
the first occurrence of menstruation
28
Zone of proximal development:
the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance form more skilled partners
29
Scaffolding:
occurs when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses
30
Habituation:
gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly
31
Dishabituation:
occurs if a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response
32
Centration:
tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
33
Irreversibility:
the inability to envision reversing an action
34
Egocentrism:
thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint
35
Animism:
the belief that all things are living
36
Nativist theorists:
assert that humans are prewired to readily understand certain concepts without making any assumptions about why humans are prewired in these ways
37
Evolutionary theorists:
agree that humans are prewired for certain cognitive abilities but they’re interested in why