11 - TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT HEALTHCARE Flashcards
the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information
Information Technology
an area of information technology involving the design, development, creation, use, and maintenance of information systems for the healthcare industry
Health Information Technology
- Fundamental component of health information technology
- Refers to the patient’s official health record in digital for
- Easily shared across different healthcare providers and agencies
Electronic Health Record
Benefits of EHR
Benefits of EHR
1. More efficient information sharing between clinical staff
2. Decreased documentation time of staff, thus allotting more time for direct patient care
3. Reduced documentation errors and subsequent adverse events
4. Real-time checking
5. Integration of clinical data with computerized physician order entry, electronic prescribing, and decision support features
Challenges of EHR
Challenges of EHR
1. Limited opportunity for face-to-face communication
2. Fragmentation of data
3. Data overload
4. Limited access
5. Lack of knowledge and efficiency
- Systematically structured and gathered “storehouse” of patient-specific data, which is usually mirrored from a clinical application, or supplemented with data from other systems
- Regarded as an important tool for decision making or various stakeholders in healthcare
- Also known as clinical data warehouse
Clinical Data Repository
Types of Clinical Data Repositories
- EHR
- Study
- Registry
- Warehouse
- Collection
- Federation
A database of observations made as a result of direct health care
Electronic Health Record
A database that collects observations for a specific clinical research study
Study
Observations collected and organized for the purpose of studying or guiding particular outcomes on a defined population. Associated studies are either multiple or long-term and evolving over time
Registry
A repository that adds levels of integration and quality to the primary (research or clinical) data of a single institution, to support flexible queries for multiple uses. It’s broader in application than a registry.
Warehouse
A library of heterogeneous data sets from more organizations than a warehouse or more sources than a registry. Organized to help users find a particular data set, but not to query for data combined across data sets
Collection
A repository distributed across multiple location, where each location retains control over access to its own data, and is responsible for making the data comparable with the data or other locations
Federation
Functions of CDR
- Transfers
- Consolidates
- Analyzes
- Queries
- Presents clinical information
Benefits of CDR
- Basis for reporting, studying, planning, and supporting clinical research
- Simplified data processing and analysis
- Improved clinical decision-making
Challenges of CDR
- Difficult set-up/programming
- Privacy issues
Defined as the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the internet (the cloud) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale
Cloud Computing
Models of Cloud Computing
- According to Service (Service Models)
- According to Deployment (Deployment Models)
According to Service (Service Models)
- Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
- Platform as a service (PaaS)
- Software as a service (SaaS)
- It provides us with virtualization, storage, and processing
- Mainly used for file backup and temporary processing campaigns, product design
- E.g. Amazon web services (AWS), AT&T, Open Source
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
- It provides us with a virtual development environment
- A user can develop and deploy applications for the cloud
- E.g. Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine, salesforce.com
Platform as a service (PaaS)
- It provides access to service providers’ application that run on the cloud
- E.g. Gmail, Google Docs, Drop Box, Facebook, Evernote
Software as a service (SaaS)
According to Deployment (Deployment Models)
- Private cloud
- Public cloud
- Hybrid cloud
- Community cloud
Benefits of Cloud Computing
- Reduction in healthcare expenses through reduced IT infrastructure and maintenance
- Increased access and flexibility of data regardless of differences in systems/platforms
- Reduced carbon emissions due compared to traditional ICT systems = better environmental impact
Challenges of Cloud Computing
- Lack of reliable service cloud providers
- Security and privacy issues
- Legal issues on property and privacy
