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T3 resp system > 1.1 Resp anatomy ppt > Flashcards

1.1 Resp anatomy ppt Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system is divided into 2 at the level of the vocal cord what is it divided into ? & what does each contain

A
  • URT: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx above vocal cords
  • LRT: larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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2
Q

How is the respiratory system separated functionally ?

A

conduction & respiratory zone

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3
Q

Conduction portion contains what ?

A
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4
Q

Respiratory portion contains what ?

A
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5
Q
  1. What does thoracic cage protect ?
  2. what does it provide attachment for ?
A
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6
Q

boundaries of thoracic cavity :
1. posteriorly
2. anteriorly
3. laterally
4. inferiorly

A
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7
Q

How does thoracic cavity communicate with the following structures ?
1. root of the neck
2. abdomen

A
  1. opening = superior thoracic aperture
  2. inferior thoracic aperture (closed by diaphragm )
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8
Q

3 features of typical thoracic vertebrae ?

A
  • medium-sized body that increases in size from superior to inferior
  • vertebral foramen is circular
  • spinous processes oriented
    inferiorly and posterior
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9
Q

Typical thoracic vertebrae articular with ribs how?

A
  • 2 demi facets
  • costal facet
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10
Q

2 demi facets :
1. where ?
2. articulate with what ?

A
  1. superior and inferior on either side of vertebral body
  2. heads of the ribs
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11
Q

costal facet on transverse process articualtes with what ?

A

tubercle of corresponding rib

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12
Q

What is the sternal angle ?

A

a clinically useful feature of the manubriosternal joint is that it can be palpated easily

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13
Q

Sternal angle marks the site of what ?

A

articulation of rib II with the sternum

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14
Q

why is RIb I not palpable ?

A

It lies inferior to the clavicle and is embedded in tissues at the base of the neck

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of ribs ?

A
  • true (ribs 1-7 , connect directly to sternum via corresponding costal cartilages)
  • flase (ribs 8-10, attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by means of their costal cartilages)
  • floating (ribs 11 & 12 , end free in the abdominal musculature)
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16
Q

Typical ribs ?

A
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17
Q

1st rib features ?

A
  • broad,
  • has tubercle for scalenus anterior muscle on upper surface
  • grooves for the subclavian vessels and lower trunk of brachial plexus.
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18
Q

2nd rib features ?

A
  • thinner and longer than 1st rib;
  • roughened upper surface for serratus anterior.
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19
Q

10th rib features ?

A
  • head has a single facet for articulation with its own vertebra.
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20
Q

11th & 12th rib features ?

A
  • short and do not articulate anteriorly;
  • heads have single facets for vertebral articulation.
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21
Q

Joints of the ribs are mostly what ?

A

synovial joints

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22
Q

Joints of the ribs …. (lecture mentions)

A
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23
Q

Usual rib fractures happen where and are due to what ?

A
  • middle ribs
  • crush injuries/ direct trauma
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24
Q

complications of rib fractures ?

A

soft tissue injury from broken fragments risk of damage to lungs, spleen or diaphragm

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25
Q

what is flail chest ?

A

If 2+ fractures occur in 2+ adjacent ribs, the affected area is not under control of the thoracic muscles - paradoxical movement during lung inflation and deflation

26
Q

What does flail chest impair & what happens to the blood ?

A
  • impairs expansion of the ribcage
  • decreases oxygen content of the blood
27
Q

From skin to pleura what is the order ?

A
  1. skin
  2. superficial fascia
  3. intercostal muscles (external then internal)
  4. endothoracic pleura
  5. pleura (plarietal then visceral)
28
Q

what are the 3 intercostal muscles supplied by intercostal nerves of the intercostal space ?

A
  • external intercostal (inspiration)
  • internal intercostal (expiration)
  • innermost intercostal (expiration)
29
Q

How is neurovascular bundle in the subcostal groove of the ribs arranged from above downward ?

A

Vein , Artery , Nerve
VAN

30
Q

what is structure of diaphragm ?

A

dome shaped, musculo-tendinous

31
Q

Functions of diaphragm ?

A
  • separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
  • contraction & relaxtion - alters volume of thoracic cavity and lungs
  • primary muscle of inspiration and expiration
  • help raise intrathoracic / abdominal pressure
32
Q

Attachments of the diaphragm ?

A

a sternal part - from the xiphoid process.
* a costal part - lower six ribs and their costal
cartilages.
* a vertebral part - crura and arcuate ligaments
* all three insert into a central tendon, which is shaped like three leaves

33
Q

why is the right dome of the diaphram higher than the left ?

A

liver positioning

34
Q

3 openings of the diaphram ?

A
  • caval aperture (T8)
  • oesophageal aperture (T10)
  • Aortic aperture (T12)
35
Q
A
36
Q

Nerve supply of the diaphragm ?

A
  • right & left phrenic nerves
  • cervical plexus
  • C3,C4,C5
37
Q

What does the shoulder and diaphragm share ?

A

common nerve supply
phrenic and supraclavicular nerves have shared cerical origins - C3, C4

38
Q

what is Kehr’s sign ?

A

left shoulder pain that is caused by the irritation of the phrenic nerve on the inferior surface of the diaphragm due to bleeding from a splenic rupture

39
Q

Primary blood supply to the diaphragm ?

A

inferior phrenic arteries: branch directly
from the abdominal aorta

40
Q

Apart from inferior phrenic arteries what else supplies blood to the diaphragm ?

A
  • superior phrenic (thoracic aorta branches)
  • pericardiacophrenic and musculophrenic (internal thoracic branches)
41
Q

How can someone have diaphragmatic hernia ?

A
  • congenital - diaphragm doesn’t develop properly - results in a hole in the diaphragm
  • acquired - penetrating injuries and blunt force trauma
42
Q

what is the mediastinum ?

A

region between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the bodies of the vertebrae & from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm

43
Q

2 layers of the pleural cavity ?

A
  • Visceral layer– against the organs within the cavity
  • Parietal layer– against the wall of the cavity
44
Q

Thin layer of pleural fluid in between pleural cavity allows for what ?

A
  • parietal and visceral parts to slide on one another
  • movement of the lung against chest wall
  • Surface tension of pleural fluid keeps lung surface in contact with thoracic wall
  • When thorax expands, the lung expands with it and fills with air
45
Q

If air collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?

A

pneumothorax

46
Q

If fluid collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?

A

pleural effusion

47
Q

If blood collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?

A

haemothorax

48
Q

If pus collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?

A

empyema

49
Q

Lung positions

A
50
Q

Right lung

A
51
Q

left lung

A
52
Q

Hilum of the lung, each lung has what ?

A
  • main bronchus
  • pulmonary artery
  • 2 pulmonary veins
  • bronchial vessels
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
53
Q

Surface markings of lungs and pleura

A
54
Q

oblique fissue surface markings ?

A

(between upper and lower lobes)

  • from spinous process of T4 posteriorly
  • to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly
55
Q

horizontal fissure surface marking ?

A

(right lung)

from the mid-axillary line anteriorly along the 4th rib

56
Q

Trachea starts below the ..1… of the larynx and divides at the level of …2…

A
  1. cricoid cartilage
  2. sternal angle
57
Q

Difference between right and left main / primary bronchi ?

A

right is shorter , wider, more vertical

58
Q

lobar bronchi / secondary ?

A

right 3
left 2

59
Q

segmental bronchi / tertiary - supplies what ?

A

a bronchopulmonary segment (subdivision of the lobe of the lung surrounded by CT)

60
Q

segmental bronchi / tertiary - accompanied by what ?

A

a branch of pulmonary artery, adjacent bronchopulmonary segments share tributaries of the pulmonary veins.

61
Q
A

T3 resp system (12 decks)

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