1.1 Population dynamics Flashcards
Population explosion?
The rapid population growth of the developing word in the post- 1950 period
Birth rate
The number of lives births per 1000 population in a year
Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 population in a year
Rate of natural change
The difference between the birth rate and the death rate. If it is positive it is termed natural increase. If it is negative it is known as natural decrease
Rate of net migration
The difference between the rates of immigration and emigration
Model of demographic transition
A model illustrating the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in population
Total fertility rate
The avarage number of children a women has during her lifetime
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births per year.
Life expectancy at birth
The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live under current mortality levels
Depopulation
A decline in the number of people in a population
Optimum population
The best balance between a population and the resources available to it. This is usually viewed as the population giving the highest average living standards in a country
Under-population
When there are too few people in an area to use resources available effectively.
Over-population
When there are too many in an area relative to the resources and the level of technology available
Underemployment
A situation where people are working less than they would like to and need in order to earn a reasonable living.
Population policy
Encompasses all of the measures taken by a government aimed at influencing population size, growth, distribution or composition.
Pro-natalist policies
Such policies promote larger families
Anti-nataliste policies
Such policies aim to reduce population growth
What is population change governed by
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Factors effecting fertility
Demographic - infant mortality rates
Social/cultural - Tradition demanding high rates of reproduction, lack of education.
Economic - LEDCs kids = assets, MEDCs = burden
Political - changing rate of birth for strategic reasons
Factors affecting mortality
Poverty
Poor access to healthcare
antibiotic resistance
migration patterns
Impact of HIV/AIDS
labour supply - The economically active population reduces as more people fall sick and are unable to work
Dependency ratio - An increasing death rate in the economically active age group increases the dependency ratio.
Family - Aids is impoverishing entire families, and many children and old people have to take on the role of carers. Orphaned children
Education - Limited education causing less knowledge on STDs
Poverty - Vicious cycle between HIV/AIDS and poverty
Country with a high rate of population
Kenye
Kenya has high population cause
High fertility, falling death rates, particularly infant mortality.
65.9 mill by 2030 - heavy impact on country’s resources.
High youth dependency - 42% of population being under 15 causing lower amount of land per capita available to farmers + children.
Young people travel to urban areas
rate of population is greater than the rate of job creation.
Russia case study - population in decline
2016 birth + death rate = 13/1000
1991 = 148.7 mill since then it has been in decline.
low birth rates + high mortality rates
unemployment + poverty are major concerns for population therefore no children.
high education making contraception high.
high life expectancy.
rural areas having large migration.
Indications that the human population is pushing against the limits of earth resources.
Quarter of children have protein-energy malnutrition.
Long-term trend for grain production per person is falling.
Water Scarcity already affects every continent and 4 of every 10 people in the world.
Signs of dense population.
Intense competition for land
Heavy traffic congestion
high house prices
pressure on water resources
Bangladesh - over populated
40% underemployed 4/5 of population live in rural areas 40% get flooded during the monsoon season. - close to sea level. 80% population live is floodplains Dhaka - most crowded place in world
Australia case study
Underpopulated
population density of 3 per km 24 million living there export rich nation great potential for renewable energy well developed - high incomes high quality of life Opportunity’s for population increase
Problems of China Anti-natalist policy
Impact on sex ratio
32 million more men aged under 20 than women.
Low birth rate 12/1000- therefore ageing population
Examples of Frances pro-natalist policies
Longer maternity and paternity leave
Higher child benefits
Improved tax allowances for larger families
Preferential treatment in the allocation of gov housing,
Define the birth rate and the total fertility rate.
Birth rate is the number of births per 1000 per year.
Fertility rate is number of children a women will give birth to in their lifetime
