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Chemistry > 11 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

11 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do fuels release energy?

A

Because combustion is exothermic. Activation energy is needed to break the bonds, which requires energy and is an endothermic process. The enthalpy of these bonds broken is not as high as the enthalpy of the bonds formed, which is exothermic. This means we have a negative enthalpy change (overall energy release to the surroundings).

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2
Q

Which fuel is the most effective between wood, ethanol or wax
- Which one releases more energy?
- Which one lasts longer?

A

Ethanol releases most energy (more power)
Wax lasts longer (more Joules per gram)

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3
Q

What is the general formula for the Alkene family

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What is the general formula for the Alcohol family

A

Cn H2n+1OH

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5
Q

What is the general formula for the Alkane family

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

State 3 members of the Alkane family

A

CH4 - Methane (single carbon bond)
C2H6 - Ethane (idem)
C3H8 - Propane

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7
Q

State 2 members of the alcohol family

A

CH3OH - Methanol
C2H5OH - Ethanol
(they ends in OH)

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8
Q

How do molecules of Alkane look like ?

A

Chains of carbon surrounded by hydrogens

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9
Q

How do molecules of Alkene look like ?

A

A chain of carbons with one double Bond surrounded by hydrogens

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10
Q

How do molecules of Alcohol look like ?

A

A chain of carbons connected with an oxygen and a hydrogen at the end the rest is surrounded by hydrogens

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11
Q

What is in crude oil?

A

Mostly liquid alkanes
Hexane and above are liquid

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12
Q

Which molecules make up natural gases

A

80% is CH4 - Methane (1 carbon)
20% is - C2H6 - Ethane (2carbon)
- C3H8 - propane (3 carbon)
- C4H10 - Butane (4 carbon)

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13
Q

What is the general formula for alkane gas molecules

A

Cn H2n+2

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14
Q

Def. fuel

A

A substance that when burnt completely in oxygen releases heat energy (and forms waste products in the form of oxides)

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15
Q

What waste products do you get from combusting Carbon?

A

CO2

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16
Q

What waste products do you get from combusting Hydrogen?

A

H2O

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17
Q

What waste products do you get from combusting Propane?

A

CO2 + H2O

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18
Q

What is smoke and when is it formed?

A

Smoke is particles of carbon and is formed instead of Carbon dioxide by an insufficiency of oxygen to react with during combustion. Carbon monoxide can also be formed.

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19
Q

What is smoke and when is it formed?

A

Smoke is particles of carbon and is formed instead of Carbon dioxide by an insufficiency of oxygen to react with during combustion. Carbon monoxide can also be formed.

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20
Q

What is in crude oil/petroleum?

A

Alkanes

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21
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A

A fuel made from dead organisms that have fossilised over time

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22
Q

What temperature is crude oil heated to in fractional distillation?

A

350 Degrees Celcius

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23
Q

How does fractional distillation separate crude oil?

A

The larger the molecules (alkane chains) are, the stronger intermolecular forces they have. This means they have a higher boiling point.

The smaller the molecules are, the weaker intermolecular forces they have. This means they have a lower boiling point.

The molecules with a lower boiling point move higher through the fractionating column before condensing, while substances with a highest boiling point will condense quickly.

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24
Q

What fractions are formed during the distillation of crude oil, and what are their purposes?

A

From smallest to largest
- Bottled/Refinery gas - miscelaneous
- Gasoline - Cars
- Naphta - Experiments
- Kerosene - Planes
- Diesel oil - Cars, lorries, buses
- Fuel oil - Ships, power stations
- Bitumen - Roads and roofs

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25
Q

How does fractional distillation of air work?

A

Air is cooled to -200 degrees celcius.
Carbon dioxide freezes and is removed. The other gases condense.
The liquid is distillated through the fractionating column, seperating Nitrogen, Argon, Oxygen and Krypton.

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26
Q

Def. Organic Compounds

A

Compounds made from carbon and hydrgen, and possibly other non-metals

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27
Q

Def. Homologous series

A

A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

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28
Q

Def. Functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical propertiesof a homologous series

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29
Q

What are the characteristcs of homologous series?

A
  • They have the same functional group
  • They have the same general formula
  • They differ from one member to the next by one CH2 unit
  • They display a trend in chemical properties
  • They have similar chemical properties
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30
Q

What s the functional group of alkanes?

A

CC single bond

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31
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

CC double bond

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32
Q

Def. Isomer

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula and arrangement of atoms

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33
Q

Def. Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbons in which all CC bonds are single bonds

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34
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

OH

35
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

36
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

37
Q

What are the properties of alkanes?

A
  • Generally unreactive
  • Exept in terms of combusion
  • And substitution with chlorine
38
Q

Def. Substitution reaction

A

One atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

39
Q

What type of reaction is the substitution of Alkanes by Chlorine?

Linked to conditions needed for the reaction to occur

A

Photochemical reaction

This means that ultraviolet provides activation energy for the reaction

40
Q

What is the formula for the complete combustion of alkanes?

For the example, use methane

A

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

41
Q

What gases are produced during incomplete combustion of Alkanes?

A

CO2

and at least on of

CO and C

42
Q

What is the main disadvantage of CO2?

A

Global warming as it absorbs reflected heat in the atmosphere

43
Q

What is the main disadvantage of CO?

A

It is poisonous

44
Q

WHat is the main disadvantage of carbon (g), or smoke?

A

It can cause respiratory problems

45
Q

What is the formula for the substitution of Methane by Chlorine?

A

CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

46
Q

Describe the cracking of alkanes

A

Cracking of Alkenes is the thermal decomposition reaction in which larger alkanes are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules, some of which are alkenes. The products of cracking include alkanes, hydrogen gas and alkenes.

47
Q

What are the purposes of the cracking reaction?

A
  • It produces alkenes
  • It produces shorter-chain alkanes e.g. gasoline
48
Q

What is the test for saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Adding bromine water and seeing if it turns from orange to colourless

If they do, they are unsaturated

49
Q

What are the conditions needed for the cracking of Alkanes?

A

Heat and a Catalyst

50
Q

How many products are formed in an addition reaction?

A

One

51
Q

How are the products retrieved from the cracking of alkanes?

A

Fractional Distillation

52
Q

What type of reaction is the cracking of alkanes?

A

Thermal decomposition

53
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

When two or more products combine into one product

54
Q

What are the three types of addition reactions that we need to know?

A
  • Halogenation (adding a halogen molecule across a C=C double bond)
  • Hydrogenation (adding a hydrogen molecule across a C=C double bond) - this only occurs in the presence of a nickel catalyst
  • Hydration (adding a water molecule across a C=C double bond) - this only occurs in the presence of an acid catalyst
55
Q

Which hydrocarbons are used to test for saturated hydrocarbonswith bromine water, and what are the outcomes?

A
  • Cyclohexane - orange mixture
  • Cyclohexene - colourless mixture
56
Q

Describe the manufacture of alcohol by fermentation

A
  • Fermentation in aqueous glucose at 25 - 35 degrees Celsius in the presence of yeast and the absence of oxygen
57
Q

Describe the manufacture of alcohol from ethene

A

Catalytic addition of ethene at 300 degrees Celsius and 6000kPa/60atm in the presence of an acid catalyst

58
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation?

A
  • Fermentation can happen just above room temperature so is relatively inexpensive
  • The glucose for fermentation is produced by plants, therefore fermentation is sustainable
59
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation?

A
  • If air is present during fermentation, ethanoic acid is produced
  • Yeast can be denatured if the temperature is too high
  • Fermentation is a slow process
  • The maximum concentration of ethanol produced during fermentation is 12-15%
  • Fermentation only produces one type of alcohol: ethanol
  • Ethanol must be extracted from the fermentation mixture by fractional distillation
  • The use of crops could impact the food supply
  • requires ethanol to be produced in batches so it is a stop-start process
60
Q

What are the advantages of the catalytic addition of steam to ethene?

A
  • Different alcohols can be produced by using different Alkenes
  • The hydration of ethene is fast and can produce ethanol continuously to meet market demands.
  • The hydration of ethene only produces one product so does not need refinement
  • The hydration of ethene can be automated, requiring little input from workers
61
Q

What are the disadvantages of the catalytic addition of steam to ethene?

A
  • High temperatures and pressures are required for the hydration of ethene
  • The hydration of ethene requires ethene from crude oil which is unsustainable
62
Q

Why is incomplete combustion less likely to occur for alcohols than other alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alcohols already contain oxygen so the lack of hydrogen during the reaction is less likely

63
Q

Describe the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid by oxygen molecules

A

Oxygen from the air reacts with ethanol molecules to produce water and ethanoic acid

e.g. Red wine to vinegar

64
Q

Describe the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid without oxygen molecules

A

Acidified potassium manganate (VII) reacts with alcohol with heat and turns from purple to colourless.

65
Q

What are the uses of ethanol?

A
  • As a solvent e.g. paints, inks perfumes and cleaning products
  • As a fuel e.g. for cooking or biofuels for vehicles
66
Q

Describe the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

A

This reaction requires and acid catalyst and forms an ester and water

67
Q

What are esters?

A

Sweet, fruity-smelling fluids found naturally in fruits and produced artificially for flavourings

68
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

A reaction formed from alcohols, carboxylic acids and amines that produces two products in the form of a polymer and small molecules

69
Q

What is a polymer chain?

A

They are long chains of two different alternating monomers

The backbone of a polymer contains carbon, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen

70
Q

What are the typical uses of plastics and synthetic fibres?

e.g. nylon or PET

A

Polyesters e.g. PET - Used for fabric/clothing/water bottles

Polyamides e.g. Nylon - Used for fabric/clothing/ropes/fishing lines

71
Q

What are polyesters made from?

A

2 types of monomers:
- Diols
- Di-carboxylic acids

72
Q

What are polyamines made from?

A

2 types of monomers:
- Di-amines
- Di-carboxylic acids

73
Q

How are polyamines and poly esters formed?

A

By condensation polymerisation using reactants with 2 reactive ends

74
Q

What are the differences between addition and condensation polymers?

A

Addition Polymers:
- Formed from alkenes
- Only one product, the polymer, is formed
- The name of the polymer is polyalkene
- The backbone of the polymer is a carbon chain

Codensation Polymers:
- Formed from (di-)ethanols, (di-)carboxylic acids and (di-)amines
- Two types of products are formed - the polymer and smaller molecules
- The backbone of this polymer contains C, O, and sometimes N

75
Q

How is PET recycled?

A

Can be converted back into monomers then re-polymerised

76
Q

What are proteins?

A

Natural polymers composed of amino acids

77
Q

What functional groups does an amino acid have?

A
  • Amine group
  • Carboxylic acid group
  • ‘R’, another group that can change
78
Q

What is the functional group of protein?

A

Amide

79
Q

What is the amide functional group?

A

CONH

C=O-N-H

80
Q

What is the amino functional group?

A

NH2

81
Q

What is the ester functional group?

A

COO

82
Q

What are the environmental challenges caused by plastics?

A
  • Disposal in landfill sites
  • Accumulation in the oceans
  • Formation of toxic gases from combustion
83
Q

Give an example of addition polymerisation

A

The formation of poly(ethene) from ethene monomers with heat and a catalyst

84
Q

What are the main properties of plastics?

A
  • Nonbiodegradable
  • Unreactive

Chemistry (12 decks)

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