1.1 Momomers and Polymers Flashcards
What is molecular biology
the study of chemicals found in living organisms
explain covalent bonding
atoms share a pair of electrons in their outer shell, creating a more stable compound, a molecule is formed
explain ionic bonding
ions with opposite charges attract, the ionic bonds create electrostatic attraction, these are weaker than covalent bonds
explain hydrogen bonding
the negative charged region and the positive region of another molecule attract, a weak electrostatic bond is formed
what do monomers form together to make and by what process
momomers join together to make polymers, this is called polymerisation
monomers of a polymer are usually based on what?
carbon
are polyethylene and polyesters made by living organisms
no, they are industrially produced
are polysaccharides, polypeptides and polynucleotides made by living organisms
yes, they are all made by living organisms
what is the basic sub-unit of a polysaccharide?
a monosaccharide, e.g. glucose
what is the basic subunit for a polynucleotide?
a mononucleotide
polypeptides are formed by what?
linking peptides that have amino acids as their subunit
explain condensation
each time a new sub-unit is attached in polymerisation, a molecule is water is formed
give 2 examples of a condensation reaction
amino acids to polypeptides
monosaccharide glucose to polysaccharide starch
explain hydrolysis
water molecules break bonds linking sun-units units in a polymer
what does hydrolysis literally mean
hydro=water
lysis=splitting
give two examples of hydrolysis
polypeptides to amino acids
starch to glucose
what do nucleotides condensate to
polynucleotides (nucleic acids)
polysaccharides (carbohydrates) in hydrolysis make?
monosaccharides
what do lipids in hydrolysis make?
fatty acids and glycerol
what do fatty acids and glycerol condensate to make?
lipids
what do amino acids condensate to?
polypeptides (proteins)
what is a metabolism
all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism
what type of bonding is used to make polymers?
covalent bonds
examples of polymers
protein, DNA, starch
which of the following is polymer? monosaccharide amino acids starch nucleotide
starch is a polymer
give 3 examples of monomers
amino acids, monosaccharide, nucleotides
is fructose a monomer or a polymer
fructose is a monosacchariden - it is found in fruit
are enzymes a polymer or a monomer
enzymes are a polymer- made up of polypeptide chains
what are the use of smaller biological molecules?
to from larger molecules (e.g. carbohydrates) that can be used around the body in order for the organism to survive
does condensation release or take in water
condensation relaxes water and bonds the smaller components into larger molecules
what does condensation of amino acids produce
proteins
what does the condensation of two monosaccharides produce
disaccharides
what does the condensation of fatty acids produce
lipids
what is hydrolysis important
to split larger molecules into smaller ones, so they can easily diffuse into cells or be transported using protein channels
what does hydrolysis of proteins produce
amino acids
what do hydrolysis of carbohydrates produce
monosaccharides and disaccharides
what does hydrolysis of lipids produce
fatty acids and monoglycerides
what do nucleotides combine to produce
DNA
is what we a by-product of condensation
water IS a by product of condensation