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textiles paper 1 > 1.1 methods for investigating and testing materials > Flashcards

1.1 methods for investigating and testing materials Flashcards

1
Q

what is material testing used for

A

to help select the most appropriate fabric for a product - when setting up the tests the processes and parameters must be completely fair

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2
Q

what is the simple work shop test for flammability

A
  • use precisely cut fabric samples and paper fuses
  • light the fuse and use a stopwatch to time how long it takes for the flame to reach the wire marker
  • record the time and other predetermined observations such as what happens when the flame comes into contact with the fabric
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3
Q

what is the simple work shop test for crease resistance

A
  • fabric is folded in half and placed between pieces of paper under the weight
  • after placing fabric sample on measuring block, leave it to recover for 5 mins and then calculate the distance between its 2 ends on the horizontal scale
  • record the result and repeat with other fabrics being tested
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4
Q

what is the simple work shop test for shrink resistance

A
  • sew coloured cross stitches or use a permanent pen to mark an exact 10cm square
  • retain a control sample and wash the remaining samples at different temperatures and levels of washing machine agitation
  • dry and iron samples
  • work out percentage of shrinkage
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5
Q

what is a control sample

A

a sample that is unchanged

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6
Q

what is the simple workshop test for colourfastness

A
  • samples are sewn onto white fabric and washed for predetermined time at an agreed temperature. the dried samples are compared to a control sample and white fabric is checked for staining
  • reliable workshop testing for light fastness is impossible as a prolonged period of time is needed and light intensity cannot be controlled in the same was as in a lab
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7
Q

what is the simple workshop test for strength

A
  • prepare same sized samples
  • make small cut at warp, weft and biased edges
  • tear samples along the cut to see which tears easily and which fabric requires more force
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8
Q

what is pilling

A

the formation of little balls of fibres o the surface of a fabric as a result of wear and friction

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9
Q

when does pilling occur

A

when weak fibres from blended staple yarns are pushed out and held on the surface by the stronger fibres

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10
Q

what is the simple workshop test for pilling

A
  • fabric samples stapled onto wooden block
  • glass paper stapled onto smaller wooden block
  • glass paper block is rubbed over surface of fabric to stimulate wear
  • number of passes required for pills to start forming on surface is recorded
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11
Q

what are industrial tests

A

an important way of ensuring a product complies with the designers specifications and include the manufactures quality control checks and quality assurance standards

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12
Q

what is meant by quality control

A

checking the product during the production run to test it against the specification

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13
Q

what is meant by quality assurance

A

the planning of procedures and policies that ensure good quality products

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14
Q

what are performance codes

A

the technical requirements for a product, material or process to be fit for its intended purpose

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15
Q

what is industrial test 1 for flammability - minimum flame application time to cause ignition

A
  • prepared fabric sample is held vertically in metal frame
  • small flame from bunsen burner is applied for 2 seconds then 3,4,6,8 and ten seconds until it catches fire
  • test is complete is complete if fabric burns for more than one second
  • time and other predetermined observations are recorded
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16
Q

what is industrial test 2 for flammability - flame spread and flame behaviour

A
  • test used on fabrics with low flammability
  • small flame applied to small fabric sample and removed after 10 seconds
  • duration of flame and afterglow are timed and any debris is recorded
  • size of hole burned into fabric is measured and recorded
17
Q

what is industrial test 3 for flammability - rate of flame spread

A
  • large sample of fabric placed into metal frame
  • cotton trip threads attached to timers are placed horizontally
  • small flame is applied and then removed after 10 seconds
  • as each cotton tip thread is burned through, its timer will stop showing the burn distance and allowing the burning rate to be calculated
18
Q

what is the industrial test for crease resistance

A
  • standard test pieces are cut from wrinkle free fabric
  • samples are kept in standard room conditions to ensure the fabric temperature and humidity is identical
  • a sample is folded in half and compressed under a load for a specified time
  • load is removed and one end of creased sample is clamped onto instrument, the other end is allowed to fall free
  • dial of instrument is rotated to keep free edge of sample in line with knife edge
  • at end of time allowed for recovery, recovery angle is recorded from engraved scale
  • larger angle of recovery the better the crease resistance
19
Q

what is the industrial test for shrink resistance

A
  • fabric sample is overlocked to prevent fraying
  • permanent ink is used to mark precise reference points on fabric
  • prepared fabric samples are washed with pieces of polyester fabric to replicate normal washing load
  • samples dried using all available options
  • if results of remeasuring between reference points show a change has occurred, the formula used in the workshop test is applied to calculate percentage change
  • fabric shrinkage is shown as a negative percentage and fabric stretch as a result of the test is shown as a positive percentage
20
Q

what is industrial test 1 for colour fastness

A
  • samples cut to agreed size
  • each sample secured in a white fabric envelope and washed for set time at agreed temperature
  • dried samples are compared to control sample. changes in colour and staining of envelope are assessed using grey scales best being grade 5 and worst is grade 1
21
Q

what is industrial test 2 for colour fastness

A
  • samples cut to agreed size
  • multi-fibre swatch is sewn to sample
  • accelerated washing is performed in canisters placed in a machine called a launderometer
  • grey scale cards and control sample are used to evaluate change in shade and the extent of the staining on different fibres is recorded
22
Q

what is a multi-fibre swatch

A

a narrow band of woven fabric containing separate segments of acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester, acrylic and wool fibres. it is used to demonstrate the uptake of dye staining when washing different types of fabric

23
Q

what are grey scale cards

A

used to show difference in colour intensity when comparing control samples with samples exposed to washing and UV light

24
Q

what is industrial test 3 for colour fastness - light fastness

A
  • samples cut to agreed size
  • 2/3 of each sample enclosed in opaque cover
  • uncovered area of sample is exposed to intense artificial light generated by a xenon arc lamp. light is filtered to replicate the accelerated intensity of natural daylight through glass
  • area of exposed sample is compared with covered part using grey scale cards
25
Q

what is a xenon arc lamp

A

a lamp that produces a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight

26
Q

what is a raveled fabric

A

fabric that has yarn teased or drawn out from its cut edges giving it a frayed appearance

27
Q

what is the industrial test for strength - strip test

A
  • rectangular fabric samples are cut in direction parallel to warp and weft
  • to ensure all yarns in sample run along its entire length, the width of each sample is reduced to 5cm by raveling yarn from both edges
  • sample is stretched and distance travelled is plotted, giving info on extensibility, yield point, maximum load and final breaking point
  • test is repeated with samples cut in in warp and weft directions
  • non woven fabrics are tested for strength in the same way using a strip of fabric that can be cut in any direction as non woven fabrics have no straight gain
28
Q

what is the industrial test for strength - bursting test

A
  • a circle of knitted fabric is clamped over a rubber diaphragm
  • air or water is pumped under pressure into a chamber below the sample fabric and rubber diaphragm
  • pressure is applied radially and is increases until knitted fabric ruptures
  • pressure needed to rupture the fabric is called its bursting strength
29
Q

what is the industrial test for pilling using a martindale machine

A
  • circular samples of test fabrics are clamped onto one of the machines four discs and a weight is put on each disc
  • test samples are rubbed against an abrasive fabric
  • machine controls and records number of rubbing cycles
  • test samples are examined at regular intervals for presence of wear leading to pilling
  • on completion samples are compared in a light box with control sample

textiles paper 1 (4 decks)

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