1.1 Malarial Antigen

Question 1

An Acute febrile illness caused by a plasmodium parasite?

Answer 1

Malaria

Question 2

Causative agent for malaria?

Answer 2

Plasmodium parasites

Question 3

Malaria is transmitted through bites of?

Answer 3

Female anopheles mosquitoes

Question 4

In 2021, how many cases of malaria worldwide?

Answer 4

247 million

Question 5

How many related deaths in 2021?

Answer 5

619 000

Question 6

This region has 95% malaria cases and 96% malaria deaths that children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths

Answer 6

African region

Question 7

This Plasmodium causes malignant tertian malaria

Answer 7

P. falciparum

Question 8

This Plasmodium causes benign tertian malaria

Answer 8

P. vivax and P. ovale

Question 9

This term means every 3 days febrile

Answer 9

Tertian

Question 10

This Plasmodium causes benign quartan malaria

Answer 10

P. malariae

Question 11

This Plasmodium causes malaria every 24 hours

Answer 11

P. knowlesi

Question 12

This term means every 4 days spike in fever

Answer 12

Quartan

Question 13

An individual can be infected by 2 species at the same time?

T or F

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Most dangerous and fatal form due to:
- Heavy parasitization of RBCs
- This causes blockage of capillary and venules by cytoadherence

Answer 14

Acute falciparum malaria

Question 15

How does falciparum evades from being destroyed in the spleen?

Answer 15

Generates sticky protein that coats the infected RBC leading to cytoadherence that blocks the blood vessels

Question 16

What are the organs that may block due to cytoadherence?

Answer 16

Brain (Cerebral malaria)
Liver (Bilous malaria)
Lungs, Kidney, spleen = May lead to organ failure

Question 17

Incubation period of malaria?

Answer 17

14 days

Question 18

Fever-periodic bouts with rigor followed by anemia and splenomegaly are one of the symptoms of malaria

T or F

Answer 18

T

Question 19

Febril paroxyms comprosises of cold stage, warm stage, and sweating

T or F

Answer 19

F

Cold
Hot
Sweating

Question 20

The infectious stage of malaria: What happens in the liver?

Answer 20

Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

Question 21

The infectious stage of malaria: where erythrocytic schizogony happens?

Answer 21

Blood

Question 22

The infectious stage of malaria: Which host has sporogonic cycle?

Answer 22

Mosquito

Question 23

What are the 2 host of malaria?

Answer 23

mosquito and human

Question 24

The first organ infects by malaria? First infection

Answer 24

Liver

Question 25

Mature form for malaria before rupture cell

Answer 25

Schizont

Question 26

Dormant malaria para- sites that can reactivate and cause relapses of malarial disease

Answer 26

Hypnozoites

Question 27

Parasite undergo sexual replication in the erythrocytic cycle? T or F

Answer 27

F asexual

Question 28

Blood-stage parasites (Erythrocytic schizogony) are responsible for bouts of fever in malaria. T or F

Answer 28

T

Question 29

The diagnostic stage for malaria can primarily see in the blood? T or F

Answer 29

T

Question 30

Malaria left untreated for 24 hours cause cerebral malaria T or F

Answer 30

T

Question 31

Infected RBCs block the vessels in the brain cause by Plasmodium spp.

Answer 31

Cerebral malaria

Question 32

Complication of malaria include: Severe anemia Jaundice Dehydration Liver and kidney failure very high BP leading to "Shock" Which does not belong?

Answer 32

Very high -> Very low

Question 33

Lab diag for malaria: in microscopy include: - Blood smear - Fluorescent microscope - quantitative buffy coat Which of these does not belong?

Answer 33

None

Question 34

Lab diag for malaria: For antigen detection: - RDTs-immunochromatographic test - Ouchterlony - ELISA - Chemiluminescent - Bead-based assay which of the following does not belong?

Answer 34

None

Question 35

These provide confirmation and management of suspected clinical malaria

Answer 35

Rapid diagnostic tests and micrscopy

Question 36

Reference Center for malaria

Answer 36

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine

Question 37

The confirmation of malaria consist of: - Low diagnostic performance in detection - Wide availability - Relatively low cost Which of the following does not belong

Answer 37

Low diag -> High

Question 38

Malarial antigens are proteins T or F

Answer 38

T

Question 39

Malarial antigens are seen in peripheral blood T or F

Answer 39

T

Question 40

These are proteins produced during human infection with Plasmodium spp.

Answer 40

Malarial antigens

Question 41

Most tests use polyclonal antibodies and detect particular malarial antigens T or F

Answer 41

F Monoclonal

Question 42

What kit is used to detect antigens?

Answer 42

Histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2) Aldolase Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 43

What is the threshold of detection for malaria?

Answer 43

100 parasite/uL of blood compared to 5 by thick film microscopy

Question 44

Is a histidine and alanine rich, water-soluble protein which is localized in several cell compartments including the parasite cytoplasm

Answer 44

Histidine-rich protein

Question 45

Histidine-rich protein is localized in several cell compartments including the parasite cytoplasm expressed only by?

Answer 45

Plasmodium falcifarum trophozoites

Question 46

Specifc marker for P. flacifarum

Answer 46

Histidine-rich proteins (HRP)

Question 47

Upon hepatocyte release of merozoites into the systemic circulation, the rapid proliferation of the parasite produces low quantities of multiple antigen types: - Secreted - Membrane-bound - Utilized for metabolic activity T or F

Answer 47

F High quantities

Question 48

What forms the HRP?

Answer 48

HRP2 and HRP3

Question 49

HRP2 and HRP3 are highly express during blood stage and remains for weeks to months until cleared T or F

Answer 49

T

Question 50

Plasmodium glycolytic enzymes include:  Aldolase  Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) T or F

Answer 50

T

Question 51

Aldolase and LDH are known to clear from circulation slowly following the resolution of infection T or F

Answer 51

F quickly

Question 52

LDH can be seen only in P. falciparum? T or F

Answer 52

F Both falciparum and vivax

Question 53

is an intracellular enzyme, which catalyze the reversible reaction involving the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate with nicotunamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) serving as coenzyme.

Answer 53

33 kDa oxidoreductase

Question 54

Condiferes as a potential molecule drug target

Answer 54

P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH)

Question 55

Most abundant enzymes expressed by P. falciparum

Answer 55

LDH

Question 56

PfLDH is seen to reduce in the blood sooner after treatment than HRP2 T or F

Answer 56

T

Question 57

Is a protein coupling the actomyosin and cell surface adhesins involved in motility and host cell invasion in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum Catalyzes a key reaction in glycolysis

Answer 57

Aldolase

Question 58

Aldolase is produce by all four spp. of Plasmodium T or F

Answer 58

T

Question 59

P. falciparum aldolase is a 41 kDa protein T or F

Answer 59

T

Question 60

P.falciparum aldolase has 61-68% sequence similar to known eukaryotic aldolases T or F

Answer 60

T

Question 61

Gold standard diag for malaria

Answer 61

Conventional microscopy

Question 62

Specimen for antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic tests?

Answer 62

Finger-stick (Capillary) or venous blood (EDTA)

Question 63

Antigen-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests takes about 15-20 mins. T or F

Answer 63

T

Question 64

Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test use monoclonal antigen to differentiate plasmodium spp. T or F

Answer 64

F Antibody not antigen

Question 65

Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test differentiates P. vivax T or F

Answer 65

F falciparum

Question 66

An antigen shared by plasmodim spp causing malaria

Answer 66

pan-malarial antigen

Question 67

How do you report malaria?

Answer 67

Reactive or non reactive

Question 68

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test 3 red lines indicates? Red lines Red lines Red lines

Answer 68

Pf or mixed

Question 69

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test 2 red lines indicates? Red line Red line No line

Answer 69

P. falciparum

Question 70

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test 2 red lines indicates? Red line No line Red line

Answer 70

other plasmodium (Vivax, ovale, malariae)

Question 71

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test 1 red lines indicates? Red line No line No line

Answer 71

Negative

Question 72

What is the stain used in Quantitative buffy coat?

Answer 72

Giemsa stain