1.1 Malarial Antigen Flashcards
An Acute febrile illness caused by a plasmodium parasite?
Malaria
Causative agent for malaria?
Plasmodium parasites
Malaria is transmitted through bites of?
Female anopheles mosquitoes
In 2021, how many cases of malaria worldwide?
247 million
How many related deaths in 2021?
619 000
This region has 95% malaria cases and 96% malaria deaths that children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths
African region
This Plasmodium causes malignant tertian malaria
P. falciparum
This Plasmodium causes benign tertian malaria
P. vivax and P. ovale
This term means every 3 days febrile
Tertian
This Plasmodium causes benign quartan malaria
P. malariae
This Plasmodium causes malaria every 24 hours
P. knowlesi
This term means every 4 days spike in fever
Quartan
An individual can be infected by 2 species at the same time?
T or F
T
Most dangerous and fatal form due to:
- Heavy parasitization of RBCs
- This causes blockage of capillary and venules by cytoadherence
Acute falciparum malaria
How does falciparum evades from being destroyed in the spleen?
Generates sticky protein that coats the infected RBC leading to cytoadherence that blocks the blood vessels
What are the organs that may block due to cytoadherence?
Brain (Cerebral malaria)
Liver (Bilous malaria)
Lungs, Kidney, spleen = May lead to organ failure
Incubation period of malaria?
14 days
Fever-periodic bouts with rigor followed by anemia and splenomegaly are one of the symptoms of malaria
T or F
T
Febril paroxyms comprosises of cold stage, warm stage, and sweating
T or F
F
Cold
Hot
Sweating
The infectious stage of malaria: What happens in the liver?
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
The infectious stage of malaria: where erythrocytic schizogony happens?
Blood
The infectious stage of malaria: Which host has sporogonic cycle?
Mosquito
What are the 2 host of malaria?
mosquito and human
The first organ infects by malaria? First infection
Liver
Mature form for malaria before rupture cell
Schizont
Dormant malaria para- sites that can reactivate and cause relapses of malarial disease
Hypnozoites
Parasite undergo sexual replication in the erythrocytic cycle?
T or F
F
asexual
Blood-stage parasites (Erythrocytic schizogony) are responsible for bouts of fever in malaria.
T or F
T
The diagnostic stage for malaria can primarily see in the blood?
T or F
T
Malaria left untreated for 24 hours cause cerebral malaria
T or F
T
Infected RBCs block the vessels in the brain cause by Plasmodium spp.
Cerebral malaria
Complication of malaria include:
Severe anemia
Jaundice
Dehydration
Liver and kidney failure
very high BP leading to “Shock”
Which does not belong?
Very high -> Very low
Lab diag for malaria:
in microscopy include:
- Blood smear
- Fluorescent microscope
- quantitative buffy coat
Which of these does not belong?
None
Lab diag for malaria:
For antigen detection:
- RDTs-immunochromatographic test
- Ouchterlony
- ELISA
- Chemiluminescent
- Bead-based assay
which of the following does not belong?
None
These provide confirmation and management of suspected clinical malaria
Rapid diagnostic tests and micrscopy
Reference Center for malaria
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
The confirmation of malaria consist of:
- Low diagnostic performance in detection
- Wide availability
- Relatively low cost
Which of the following does not belong
Low diag -> High
Malarial antigens are proteins
T or F
T
Malarial antigens are seen in peripheral blood
T or F
T
These are proteins produced during human infection with Plasmodium spp.
Malarial antigens
Most tests use polyclonal antibodies and detect particular malarial antigens
T or F
F
Monoclonal
What kit is used to detect antigens?
Histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2)
Aldolase
Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the threshold of detection for malaria?
100 parasite/uL of blood compared to 5 by thick film microscopy
Is a histidine and alanine rich, water-soluble protein which is localized in several cell compartments including the parasite cytoplasm
Histidine-rich protein
Histidine-rich protein is localized in several cell compartments including the parasite cytoplasm expressed only by?
Plasmodium falcifarum trophozoites
Specifc marker for P. flacifarum
Histidine-rich proteins (HRP)
Upon hepatocyte release of merozoites into the systemic circulation, the rapid proliferation of the parasite produces low quantities of multiple antigen types:
- Secreted
- Membrane-bound
- Utilized for metabolic activity
T or F
F
High quantities
What forms the HRP?
HRP2 and HRP3
HRP2 and HRP3 are highly express during blood stage and remains for weeks to months until cleared
T or F
T
Plasmodium glycolytic enzymes include:
Aldolase
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
T or F
T
Aldolase and LDH are known to clear from circulation slowly following the resolution of infection
T or F
F
quickly
LDH can be seen only in P. falciparum?
T or F
F
Both falciparum and vivax
is an intracellular enzyme, which catalyze the reversible reaction involving the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate with nicotunamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) serving as coenzyme.
33 kDa oxidoreductase
Condiferes as a potential molecule drug target
P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH)
Most abundant enzymes expressed by P. falciparum
LDH
PfLDH is seen to reduce in the blood sooner after treatment than HRP2
T or F
T
Is a protein coupling the actomyosin and cell surface adhesins involved in motility and host cell invasion in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum
Catalyzes a key reaction in glycolysis
Aldolase
Aldolase is produce by all four spp. of Plasmodium
T or F
T
P. falciparum aldolase is a 41 kDa protein
T or F
T
P.falciparum aldolase has 61-68% sequence similar to known eukaryotic aldolases
T or F
T
Gold standard diag for malaria
Conventional microscopy
Specimen for antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic tests?
Finger-stick (Capillary) or venous blood (EDTA)
Antigen-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests takes about 15-20 mins.
T or F
T
Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test use monoclonal antigen to differentiate plasmodium spp.
T or F
F
Antibody not antigen
Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test differentiates P. vivax
T or F
F
falciparum
An antigen shared by plasmodim spp causing malaria
pan-malarial antigen
How do you report malaria?
Reactive or non reactive
In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test
3 red lines indicates?
Red lines
Red lines
Red lines
Pf or mixed
In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test
2 red lines indicates?
Red line
Red line
No line
P. falciparum
In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test
2 red lines indicates?
Red line
No line
Red line
other plasmodium (Vivax, ovale, malariae)
In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test
1 red lines indicates?
Red line
No line
No line
Negative
What is the stain used in Quantitative buffy coat?
Giemsa stain
