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Immunosero Lab (Finals) > 1.1 Malarial Antigen > Flashcards

1.1 Malarial Antigen Flashcards

1
Q

An Acute febrile illness caused by a plasmodium parasite?

A

Malaria

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2
Q

Causative agent for malaria?

A

Plasmodium parasites

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3
Q

Malaria is transmitted through bites of?

A

Female anopheles mosquitoes

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4
Q

In 2021, how many cases of malaria worldwide?

A

247 million

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5
Q

How many related deaths in 2021?

A

619 000

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6
Q

This region has 95% malaria cases and 96% malaria deaths that children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths

A

African region

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7
Q

This Plasmodium causes malignant tertian malaria

A

P. falciparum

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8
Q

This Plasmodium causes benign tertian malaria

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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9
Q

This term means every 3 days febrile

A

Tertian

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10
Q

This Plasmodium causes benign quartan malaria

A

P. malariae

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11
Q

This Plasmodium causes malaria every 24 hours

A

P. knowlesi

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12
Q

This term means every 4 days spike in fever

A

Quartan

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13
Q

An individual can be infected by 2 species at the same time?

T or F

A

T

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14
Q

Most dangerous and fatal form due to:
- Heavy parasitization of RBCs
- This causes blockage of capillary and venules by cytoadherence

A

Acute falciparum malaria

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15
Q

How does falciparum evades from being destroyed in the spleen?

A

Generates sticky protein that coats the infected RBC leading to cytoadherence that blocks the blood vessels

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16
Q

What are the organs that may block due to cytoadherence?

A

Brain (Cerebral malaria)
Liver (Bilous malaria)
Lungs, Kidney, spleen = May lead to organ failure

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17
Q

Incubation period of malaria?

A

14 days

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18
Q

Fever-periodic bouts with rigor followed by anemia and splenomegaly are one of the symptoms of malaria

T or F

A

T

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19
Q

Febril paroxyms comprosises of cold stage, warm stage, and sweating

T or F

A

F

Cold
Hot
Sweating

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20
Q

The infectious stage of malaria: What happens in the liver?

A

Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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21
Q

The infectious stage of malaria: where erythrocytic schizogony happens?

A

Blood

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22
Q

The infectious stage of malaria: Which host has sporogonic cycle?

A

Mosquito

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23
Q

What are the 2 host of malaria?

A

mosquito and human

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24
Q

The first organ infects by malaria? First infection

A

Liver

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25
Q

Mature form for malaria before rupture cell

A

Schizont

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26
Q

Dormant malaria para- sites that can reactivate and cause relapses of malarial disease

A

Hypnozoites

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27
Q

Parasite undergo sexual replication in the erythrocytic cycle?

T or F

A

F
asexual

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28
Q

Blood-stage parasites (Erythrocytic schizogony) are responsible for bouts of fever in malaria.

T or F

A

T

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29
Q

The diagnostic stage for malaria can primarily see in the blood?

T or F

A

T

30
Q

Malaria left untreated for 24 hours cause cerebral malaria

T or F

A

T

31
Q

Infected RBCs block the vessels in the brain cause by Plasmodium spp.

A

Cerebral malaria

32
Q

Complication of malaria include:
Severe anemia
Jaundice
Dehydration
Liver and kidney failure
very high BP leading to “Shock”

Which does not belong?

A

Very high -> Very low

33
Q

Lab diag for malaria:
in microscopy include:
- Blood smear
- Fluorescent microscope
- quantitative buffy coat

Which of these does not belong?

A

None

34
Q

Lab diag for malaria:
For antigen detection:
- RDTs-immunochromatographic test
- Ouchterlony
- ELISA
- Chemiluminescent
- Bead-based assay

which of the following does not belong?

A

None

35
Q

These provide confirmation and management of suspected clinical malaria

A

Rapid diagnostic tests and micrscopy

36
Q

Reference Center for malaria

A

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine

37
Q

The confirmation of malaria consist of:

  • Low diagnostic performance in detection
  • Wide availability
  • Relatively low cost

Which of the following does not belong

A

Low diag -> High

38
Q

Malarial antigens are proteins

T or F

A

T

39
Q

Malarial antigens are seen in peripheral blood

T or F

A

T

40
Q

These are proteins produced during human infection with Plasmodium spp.

A

Malarial antigens

41
Q

Most tests use polyclonal antibodies and detect particular malarial antigens

T or F

A

F
Monoclonal

42
Q

What kit is used to detect antigens?

A

Histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2)
Aldolase
Lactate dehydrogenase

43
Q

What is the threshold of detection for malaria?

A

100 parasite/uL of blood compared to 5 by thick film microscopy

44
Q

Is a histidine and alanine rich, water-soluble protein which is localized in several cell compartments including the parasite cytoplasm

A

Histidine-rich protein

45
Q

Histidine-rich protein is localized in several cell compartments including the parasite cytoplasm expressed only by?

A

Plasmodium falcifarum trophozoites

46
Q

Specifc marker for P. flacifarum

A

Histidine-rich proteins (HRP)

47
Q

Upon hepatocyte release of merozoites into the systemic circulation, the rapid proliferation of the parasite produces low quantities of multiple antigen types:
- Secreted
- Membrane-bound
- Utilized for metabolic activity

T or F

A

F

High quantities

48
Q

What forms the HRP?

A

HRP2 and HRP3

49
Q

HRP2 and HRP3 are highly express during blood stage and remains for weeks to months until cleared

T or F

A

T

50
Q

Plasmodium glycolytic enzymes include:
 Aldolase
 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

T or F

A

T

51
Q

Aldolase and LDH are known to clear from circulation slowly following the resolution of infection

T or F

A

F

quickly

52
Q

LDH can be seen only in P. falciparum?

T or F

A

F

Both falciparum and vivax

53
Q

is an intracellular enzyme, which catalyze the reversible reaction involving the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate with nicotunamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) serving as coenzyme.

A

33 kDa oxidoreductase

54
Q

Condiferes as a potential molecule drug target

A

P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH)

55
Q

Most abundant enzymes expressed by P. falciparum

A

LDH

56
Q

PfLDH is seen to reduce in the blood sooner after treatment than HRP2

T or F

A

T

57
Q

Is a protein coupling the actomyosin and cell surface adhesins involved in motility and host cell invasion in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum

Catalyzes a key reaction in glycolysis

A

Aldolase

58
Q

Aldolase is produce by all four spp. of Plasmodium

T or F

A

T

59
Q

P. falciparum aldolase is a 41 kDa protein

T or F

A

T

60
Q

P.falciparum aldolase has 61-68% sequence similar to known eukaryotic aldolases

T or F

A

T

61
Q

Gold standard diag for malaria

A

Conventional microscopy

62
Q

Specimen for antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic tests?

A

Finger-stick (Capillary) or venous blood (EDTA)

63
Q

Antigen-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests takes about 15-20 mins.

T or F

A

T

64
Q

Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test use monoclonal antigen to differentiate plasmodium spp.

T or F

A

F

Antibody not antigen

65
Q

Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test differentiates P. vivax

T or F

A

F

falciparum

66
Q

An antigen shared by plasmodim spp causing malaria

A

pan-malarial antigen

67
Q

How do you report malaria?

A

Reactive or non reactive

68
Q

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test

3 red lines indicates?
Red lines
Red lines
Red lines

A

Pf or mixed

69
Q

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test

2 red lines indicates?

Red line
Red line
No line

A

P. falciparum

70
Q

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test

2 red lines indicates?

Red line
No line
Red line

A

other plasmodium (Vivax, ovale, malariae)

71
Q

In Antigen-based malaria Rapid diagnostic test

1 red lines indicates?

Red line
No line
No line

A

Negative

72
Q

What is the stain used in Quantitative buffy coat?

A

Giemsa stain

Immunosero Lab (Finals) (4 decks)

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