1.1 Introduction to pathophysiology and pharmacology Flashcards
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being based on the absence of disease and illness
health
an experience of unhealth, often accompanied by disease.
-May occur where no disease is found
illness
incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body in an organism
disease
acute or chronic illness that causes physiological dysfunction
disease
cause of disease (includes risk factor)
etiology
how the disease process evolves
pathogenesis
gross anatomic, microscopic changes
morphology/histology
signs and symptoms
manifestations
history, physical exam, diagnostic tests
diagnosis
evolution of the disease
clinical course
process of empowering people to increase control over their health and its determinants
health promotion
remove risk factors (no disease) ex: immunization
primary prevention
early detection/treatment (asymptomatic disease) ex:pap smears (screenings)
secondary prevention
treatment of disease (clinical course) ex: antibiotics
tertiary prevention
the study of disease occurrence
epidemiology
number of new cases arising in a population during a specific time
incidence
existing disease in a population at a given point in time
prevalence
effects an illness has on a person’s life
morbidity
causes of death in a given population
mortality
probable outcome and prospect of recovery
prognosis
the study of biological effects of chemicals
pharmacology
inorganic compounds: plants, animals products
natural sources of drugs
genetic engineering alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic and effective
synthetic sources of drugs
chemicals tested on lab animals
preclinical trials
chemicals tested on human volunteers
phase l studies (drug evaluation)
drug tried on informed patients
phase ll studies
drug used in vast clinical market
phase lll studies
continual evaluation of drug
phase lV studies
pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus
category A: pregnancy
animal-no risk to fetus/no studies in pregnant women/ or/ animal studies show adverse effect/risk have not been shown to pregnant women in first/last trimester
Category B: pregnancy
animal studies have shown adverse effect on fetus but none in humans, the benefit from drug may be acceptable
category C: pregnancy
evidence of human fetal risk but the benefits may be acceptable, despite the risk
Category D: pregnancy
studies show abnormalities in both animal and human fetus/ the benefits do not outweigh the risk
category x: pregnancy
must be prescribed by a physician, goes through 4 phases of evaluation
prescription drugs
available without prescription, many cons
OTC
has same therapeutic effect for cheaper price/ ingredients name listed
generic
legal name in which the company does business/ usually patented
brand/trade name
DEA monitors prescription distribution, storage, and use/ ranked by #. bigger number= less abusive risk
controlled substance
high abuse potential and no acceptable medical use: heroine, LSD
C1
high abuse potential with severe dependency liability: morphine; narcotics, amphetamine
C2
less abuse potential with moderate dependency liability
C3
less abuse with limited dependency liability
C4
limited abuse potential/ may be purchased OTC
C5
easily accessible, treatment at home
benefits OTC
misuse, reaction w/ other medications, allergies, not enough medication, mask underlying conditions
risks OTC
science of how a drug affects an organism/ chemical reaction that occurs continuously in the body
pharmacodynamics
how the organism affects the drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
pharmacokinetics
drug that occupies receptors and activates them
agonist
drug that occupies receptor but does not activate them
antagonist
drug that occupies receptor and decreases its function
inverse agonist
age: elders absorption/ metabolism slows down
sex: different hormones
cultural: preferences
genetic: history of conditions
alteration of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
the amount of drugs needed to cause a therapeutic effect
critical concentration
the concentration of the drug that reaches the body depends on the pharmacokinetics of drug and how often it needs to be administered
dynamic equilibrium
site of entry
absorption
to the active site
distribution
metabolism in the liver
biotransformation
from the body
excretion
