11 Intro To Organic Chem

Question 1

Hydrocarbons

Answer 1

Organic compounds which contain the elements carbon and hydrogen

Question 2

Empirical formula

Answer 2

Simplest ratio of the number of atoms of the elements present in one molecule

Question 3

Molecular formula

Answer 3

Actual number of atoms of the elements present in one molecule

Question 4

Characteristics of a homologous series

Answer 4

1. Same functional group
2. Differs by a -CH2- group from one member to the next
3. General formula
4. Shows a gradual change in physical conditions

Question 5

Alkane

Answer 5

C(n)H(2n+2)
Suffix: -ane
Prefix: alkyl-

Question 6

Alkene

Answer 6

C(n)H(2n)
Suffix: -ene

Question 7

Arene

Answer 7

Ar-R
Suffix: -benzene
Prefix: phenyl

Question 8

Alkyl halide

Answer 8

R-X
Suffix: (nil)
Prefix: fluoro-/chloro-/

Question 9

Aryl halide

Answer 9

Ar-X

Question 10

Alcohol

Answer 10

R-OH
Suffix: -ol
Prefix: hydroxy-

Question 11

Phenol

Answer 11

Ar-OH

Question 12

Aldehyde

Answer 12

R/Ar -CH(O)
Suffix: -al
Prefix: oxo-

Question 13

Ketone

Answer 13

Ar/R -(C=O)- Ar/R
Suffix: -one
Prefix: oxo-

Question 14

Carboxylic acid

Answer 14

Ar/R-COOH
Suffix: -oic acid
Prefix: (nil)

Question 15

Amide

Answer 15

Ar/R -CO(NH2)
Suffix: -amide
Prefix: (nil)

Question 16

Amine

Answer 16

Ar/R -NH2
Suffix: -amine
Prefix: amino-

Question 17

Nitrile

Answer 17

Ar/R -C三N
Suffix: -nitrile
Prefix: cyano-

Question 18

Nitro compound

Answer 18

Ar/R -NO2
Suffix: (nil)
Prefix: nitro-

Question 19

Amino acids

Answer 19

C(COOH)(NH2)

Question 20

Ester

Answer 20

Ar/R -(C=O)O- Ar/R
Suffix: -oate
Prefix: (nil)

Question 21

Hybridisation

Answer 21

The mixing of atomic orbitals in various combinations to give a set of hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy for covalent bonding with other atoms

Question 22

sp^3 hybridisation

Answer 22

Mixing 1 s and 3 p valence orbitals
25.0% s character and 75.0% p character

Question 23

sp^2 hybridisation

Answer 23

Mixing 1 s and 2 p valence orbitals
33.3% s character and 66.7% p character

Question 24

sp hybridisation

Answer 24

Mixing 1 s and 1 p valence orbitals
50.0% s character and 50.0% p character

Question 25

7 types of chemical reactions

Answer 25

1. Addition
2. Substitution
3. Elimination
4. Condensation
5. Hydrolysis
6. Oxidation
7. Reduction

Question 26

Nucleophile (Lewis base)

Answer 26

Electron pair donor and has a lone pair of electrons to be donated.
Can be negatively charged or neutral possessing a partial negative charge

Question 27

Electrophile (Lewis acid)

Answer 27

Electron pair accepter and is electron-deficient
Can be positively charged or neutral possessing a partial positive charge

Question 28

Homolytic fission

Answer 28

Each bonding atom takes 1 of the bonding electrons

Question 29

Heterolytic fission

Answer 29

One of the bonding atoms takes both bonding electrons

Question 30

Isomers

Answer 30

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in 3-dimensional space

Question 31

Constitutional isomers

Answer 31

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 32

Chain isomers

Answer 32

Same functional group but different carbon chains

Question 33

Positional isomers

Answer 33

Same carbon chain but different position of functional group

Question 34

Functional group isomers

Answer 34

Differ in functional group

Question 35

Stereoisomerism

Answer 35

Same molecular and structural formula, but different spatial arrangement of their atoms

Question 36

Cis-trans isomers

Answer 36

1. Restricted rotation about a covalent bond
2. Two different groups/atoms attached to each carbon atom of that bond
   Cis: identical groups on same side
   Trans: identical groups on opposite sides

Question 37

Enantiomers

Answer 37

Stereoisomers with non-superimposable mirror images

Question 38

Chiral centres

Answer 38

Has 4 different groups (asymmetric)