1.1: Intro to Biomedical Research ✅

Question 1

Hippocrates is also known as?

Answer 1

The father of medical research

Question 2

What did Hippocrates determine and describe?

Answer 2

Diseases which occurred in specific places and time periods

Question 3

What concept did Hippocrates come up with?

Answer 3

Risk factor

And each disease is caused by different risk factor

Question 4

James Lind relevance

Answer 4

Citrus fruits and scurvy

Saw that sailors consumed very little fresh fruit
->hypothesized that the disease would go if they ate limes

Did a clinical trial:
->proved scurvy was the lack of citrus fruits

Question 5

The Scientific Method

Answer 5

Process

Where the scientific community try to construct a:
-consistent and
-reliable
-non-biased
representation of various phenomena

Question 6

Scientific method steps

Answer 6

1. Observation
2. Testable research question
3. Formulate a specific hypothesis
4. Derive a conclusion

Question 7

Evidence-based medicine

Answer 7

Process

Systematically reviews, appraises and uses the current best evidence (from clinical research findings) to aid in optimum clinical care to patients

Question 8

Disease prevention

Answer 8

Identification of risk factors and protective factors of different diseases

Enables public health programmes aiming at preventing disease

Question 9

What are the types of biomedical research?

Answer 9

In vitro studies (lab-based)

Animal models

Small scale studies in humans

Large scale observations of epidemiological studies in humans

Large scale interventional studies in humans (clinical)

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Question 10

John Snow and his relevance:
-what did he propose?

Answer 10

The water pump and cholera

Proposed people were infected by swallowing something which multiplies in the intestines

Question 11

What came of John Snow’s proposal?

Answer 11

Observations and investigation revealed:
-cases were more common in areas supplied with water from the Thames’ banks rather than upstream

He conducted an experiment:
-he sealed a water pump that had a high infected neighborhood
->cholera went down

Question 12

Edward Jenner and his relevance
-what did he observe?
-what did he hypothesize?
-how did he test this?

Answer 12

Smallpox

Observed milkmaids who got cowpox were protected from smallpox

Hypothesized that exposure to cowpox could protect against smallpox

Tested it by taking material from a cowpox sore on a milkmaid and giving it to the son of his gardener
->the son never got smallpox