1.1- INTRO TO BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards
What is a covalent bonding?
atoms share a pair of electrons in outer shells
What does the covalent bond do?
outer shells of both atoms filled and more stable compound , molecule, formed
What is an ionic bonding?
ions with opposite charges attract one another
What is the ionic bond?
electrostatic attraction
Which of the two is weaker? (ionic/covalent)
ionic bonds weaker than covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonding
How are the electrons within a molecule distributed?
not evenly distributed but tend to spend more time at one position
Hydrogen bonding
How is this region charged?
more negatively charged than the rest of the molecule
What is a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge said to be?
polarised- it is a polar molecule
polar molecule
What happens to the different regions of the molecule?
negative region of one polarised molecule and the positively charged region of another attract each other
polar molecule
What is formed between the two molecules?
weak electrostatic bond
Hydrogen bondings as individuals and as a whole
each bond is individually weak
collectively form important forces that alter physical properties of molecules
especially true for water
Process by which polymers formed
polymerisation
What are the monomers of a polymer usually based on?
carbon
E.g. polymers industrially produced
polythene and polyesters
E.g. polymers made naturally by living organisms
polysaccharides
polypeptides
polynucleotides
What is the basic sub-unit of a polysaccharide?
monosaccharide or single sugar i.e. glucose
What are polynucleotides formed from?
mononucleotide sub-units
How are polypeptides formed?
linking together peptides that have amino acids as their sub-unit
What is a condensation reaction?
when a new sub-unit is attached a molecule of water formed
E.g. condensation reaction
formation of:
polypeptide from amino acids
polysaccharide starch from monosaccharide glucose
How can polymers be broken down?
through the addition of water
What is this process of breaking polymers down with water called?
hydrolysis
Define metabolism
all the chemical processes that take place in living organisms
What is a molar solution?
solution that contains one mole of solute in each litre of solution
How to find the grams in 1M solution
find total atomic weight
e.g. for NaCl in 1M solution it contains 58.5 grams of sodium chloride in 1 litre of solution
