11. Immunisation and prophylaxis Flashcards
What is a vaccine?
A partion of a pathogen that comes in many forms, used to build the bodies immune system up to the disease. They can be: A live attenuated, inactivated detoxified endotoxin A subunit of a micro-organism.
What vaccines are live vaccines
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) BCG Varicella-zoster virus Yellow fever Smallpox Typhoid (oral) Polio (oral) Rotavirus (oral)
Who can have live vaccines?
Everyone except those who are immunocomprimised
Wat are examples of innactivated vaccines?
Polio Hep A Cholera Rabies Japanese encephalitis Tick born encephalitis Flu
How are detoxified exotoxin vaccines made?
Toxin, treated with formalin produces toxoid
e.g. diptheria, tetanus
What are some examples of subunit vaccines?
Pertussis Flu type B Meningitis C Pneumococcus Typhoid Anthrax Hep B
How are recombiant vaccines made?
DNA segment is removed, purified and mixed with plasmids, Inserted into yeasts, fermented,
What is the 6 in 1 vaccine?
DTP- diptheria, tetanus, bordetella
IBV- inactivated polio
Hib- Flu part B
HBV- hep B
What is the UK childhood immunisation schedule in the first year of life?
2 months:6 in 1 and pneumococcal conjugate and rota virus and menigitis B
3 months: 6 in 1 and rotavirus
4 months:6 in 1, men B, pneumococcal conjugate
What is the childhood immunisation schedule in toddlers?
1 year-Meningitis C, MMR, pneumococcal cojugate and meningitis B
2-8 years- Nasal flu
3-5 years- 4 in 1 booster (DTaP, IPV) and MMR
What is the immunisations schedule in teenagers?
12-13 years- HPV
14 years- 3 in 1 booster (DT, IPV) and MEN ACWY
What vaccines do special occupational groups also get?
BCG Flu Pneumococcal Hep B Varicells- zoster herpes zoster
Who recieves a Tb vaccinaiton?
Some infants 0-12 months
Children screened for TB riskfacots
New immigrants from high prevalence countries
Healthcare workers
Discuss the flu vaccine?
As A and B strains change every year their is a new vaccine every year. It is given in a single dose and there should be caution in people who love eggs
What are the indications for getting the flu vaccine?
Over 65 Nursing home Health care workers Immunodeficient/suppressed Chronic liver, renal,cardiac and lung disease Diabetes Coeliac disease Pregnant women
Who gets the Hep B vaccine?
All new born children from 2018
Children at high risk of exposure to HBV
Health care workers, prisoners, liver disease, kidney disease
Who gets the chickenpox vaccine?
immunosuppresion Children at risk with those with severe vzv Healthcare workers Live attenuated virus 2 doses 4-8 weeks apart
Who gets the shinges virus
All elderly patients (70+)
What are passive immunoglobulins good at treating?
Contains antibodies against hep A, rubella, measles
Used in immunoglobulin deficincies and some autoimmune disease e.g. myasthenia gravis
What diseases require disease specific immunoglobulins post exposure?
Hep B Rabies tetanus Chickenpox Diptheria Botulinum anti-tox
How do you risk assess a foreign traveller?
Travellers health Previous immunsation and prophylaxis Area to be visited Duration of visit Accommodation Activities Remote area Recent outbreaks
What general advice should you give to someone travelling?
Care with food/water Hand washing Sunburn/sunstroke Altitude RTA Safer sex mosquito advice
What common immunisations do travleers get?
Tetanus Polio Typhoid Hep A Yellow fever Cholera
What special immunisations do travellers get?
Men ACWY Rabies Diptheria Japanese B encephalitis Tick borne encephalitis
What is the ABCD malaria prevention
Awareness
Bite pervention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment
How do you prevent bite prevention
Cover up at dawn and dusk
Insect repellent sprays, DEET
Mosquito nets
What chemoprophaylaxis against malaria
Malarone- daily
Doxycycline daily not for children, photosensivity
Mefloquine weekly- pschosis and nightmare
Avoid if history of psychosis, epilepsy
Chloroquine weekly and proquanil
What safety netting advice should you give for people on return
Any illness occuring within 1 year and espeically 3 months might be malaria
Seek medical attention
