1.1 Hardware and communication Flashcards
What is a computer architecture?
It is the parts inside a computer and how they are connected together.
What is the Von Neumann Architecture?
The type of architecture used in most computers today.
State 5 main components in the Von Neumann Architecture.
- Input
- Output
- Memory
- CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- Buses
State the purpose of output.
Output : A device that sends data from a computer to another device or user.
State the purpose of input.
Input : A device that introduces data into a computer system from outside it.
State the purpose of memory.
Memory : Stores instructions and data which are moved to and used by the CPU.
State the purpose of a CPU.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) : The brain of the computer which is split up into three parts.
State the purpose of buses.
Buses : Transfer data between components in the direction indicated. There are 3 types of buses used in a CPU.
Give 3 components a CPU is made up of.
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
- Control unit
- Registers
State the purpose of an ALU.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) : Performs calculations (e.g. 5+2), comparisons (e.g. 5>2) and logical operations (e.g. AND, NOT, OR) as instructed by the control unit.
State the purpose of a Control unit.
Control Unit : Key part that controls operations inside the computer, based on programs instructions. It tells components what to do.
State the purpose of registers.
Registers: A block of memory used to temporarily stores a small amount of data.
State 3 types of buses.
- Data bus
- Address bus
- Control bus
What is a data bus?
Data Bus : Carries data and instructions.
What is an address bus?
Address Bus : Carries memory locations to be accessed.
What is a control bus?
Control Bus : Carries signals sent and received from the control unit which make sure all processes happen at the right time. Also carries commands.
What is memory?
Any storage used by a computer system.
What are the two types of storage?
- Primary (memory)
- Secondary (backup storage)
What are the 4 types of primary storage/memory?
- RAM (Random Access Memory)
- ROM (Read Only Memory)
- Registers
- Cache
What is main memory?
- Main Memory which stores programs that are currently being used.
- It is volatile so content is lost when power is off.
What is ROM?
- It stores permanent data that cannot be changed or deleted. It is non-volatile.
- Stores the bootstrap program (bios) which is needed to start up the computer.
What are registers?
Storage locations in the CPU i.e. Volatile, Fast Access & small capacity.
State 3 types of cache.
- Ram cache
- Disk cache
- Internet cache
What is Ram cache?
Ram Cache: Temporarily stores the most frequently used pieces of data. It supplies data to the CPU faster than normal RAM. Greatly reduces processor time.
What is Disk cache?
Disk cache: used to store data inputted from a disk. Speeds up retrieval of data from a disk.
What is Internet cache?
Web pages are stored so when they are viewed again they load faster.
State advantage (1) of using internet cache.
Previously viewed pages load quicker as they are read from a disk rather than downloading them again.
State an advantage of using internet cache (2).
Storing pages in anticipation means that if internet access cuts out, new pages can still be viewed.
What is secondary storage?
A device that is non-volatile and stores data in addition to main memory.
State 4 factors when comparing secondary storage.
- Speed
- Durability
- Portability
- Cost per storage unit
State 4 examples of secondary storage.
- Magnetic- internal/ external hard disk drives
- Solid State Drives and USB flash drives
- Optical (CD/ DVD/ Blu- ray) drives
- Tape drive
Evaluate hard disc drive (3).
- Very fast data transfer
- Low cost per byte of storage
- Physically small and can be stored securely in a fire proof safe.
Evaluate Magnetic tape storage (4).
- Access to tape is serial and slow
- Tape is relatively cheap but drives are expensive to purchase
- Tape is physically small and easily stored in a fire proof safe.
- Used widely by large companies historically.
Evaluate SSD/ pen drive storage (4).
- Very fast transfer
- Low cost
- Physically small and easily stored securely in a fire proof safe.
- Not suitable for a large company.
What is Parallelisation?
The use of parallel processing. Using more than one core in a CPU.
What is a core? (3)
- A single unit containing ALU and a control unit.
- Multiple cores can work at the same time.
- The more cores the more instructions per second that can be executed.
Are two cores twice as fast as one core?
- No, sometime is lost to organize which core will follow which instructions (this is called overhead).
- However the overhead is usually so small that dual-core processor is considered twice as fast as a single-core processor with the same clock speed.
What is the formula for calculating the time taken to execute a series of instructions?
no. of instructions/ clock speed of processor * no. of cores
Simply : n/ sp*c