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MICR2208 > 11 - Fungal biology* > Flashcards

11 - Fungal biology* Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi

A

Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are spore-bearing, have absorptive nutrition, do not photosynthesise, and normally reproduce both sexually and asexually. Vary greatly in size and shape (most fungi underground as hyphae)

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2
Q

Structure of fungi cells

A

Contain nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, microfilaments, microtubules, plasma membrane and cell wall

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3
Q

Hyphae

A
  • Tubular branching filament
  • Can be either:
  • Aseptate (coenocytic): protoplasm streams through the hyphae
    OR
  • Septate: have a septum with pores to allow streaming
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4
Q

Mycelium

A
  • A mass of branching hyphae
  • A type of thallus (body or vegetative structure of fungus) - extensionf
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5
Q

Mold

A

Fungi producing filamentous growth

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6
Q

Exceptions to characteristics of fungi

A
  • Yeasts are unicellular, bud, and do not have a mycelial stage
  • Some pathogenic fungi are dimorphic induced by temp change (mycelial form outside host, yeast form in host)
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7
Q

What are hyphal cell walls composed of

A
  • chitin (NAG)
  • Glucan (polysaccharide)
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8
Q

Heterotrophic nutrition

A

Use reduced, preformed organic molecules as carbon source

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9
Q

Osmotrophic

A

soluble nutrients are absorbed through the cytoplasmic membrane

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10
Q

Saprophytic

A

derive nutrition from degradation of dead organic matter

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11
Q

Example of predatory fungus

A

Nermatode trapping fungus

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12
Q

Production of Spores

A
  • both sexual and asexual spores may be produced
  • asexually on mycelium
  • sexually following mating
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13
Q

Motility

A

Most non motile (besides Chytridiomycota)
- exist in water or moist areas

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14
Q

Life cycle of fungi

A

Have simple to complex life cycles involving vegetative growth (mycelium) interspersed with asexual and/or sexual reproduction

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15
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Basic units called hypae
  • Cell walls composed of chitin and glucan
  • Heterotrophic and osmotrophic nutrition
  • Produce spores
  • Non motile
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16
Q

Why are fungi hard to classify

A

due to having both sexual and asexual reproduction (same fungi has two different names)

17
Q

What are the six major groups (based on molecular analysis)

A
  • Chytridiomycota
  • Zygomycota
  • Glomeromycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Microsporidia
18
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A
  • Also called anamorph
  • Hyphal growth (vegetative growth)
  • Hyphal fragments transplanted or broken from the body of the fungus can continue to grow
  • Asexual spore formation
  • Budding (yeasts)
19
Q

Types of asexual spore formation

A
  • Sporangiospores (produced in a membrane enclosed structure called a ‘sporangium’)
  • Conidiospores (spores born on tips or sides of ‘conidiophores’ – not enclosed in a membrane)
20
Q

types of sexual reproduction

A
  • Also called telomorph
  • Motile gametes
  • Gametangial contact (Contact between egg and antheridium)
  • Fusion of non motile male and female structures
  • Fusion of compatable vegetative hyphaa
21
Q

Zygomycota

A
  • Most are saprophytes
  • a few are plant and animal parasites
  • production of foods (e.g. tempeh), antibiotics and other drugs, meat tenderiser, and yellow food colouring
22
Q

Characteristics of zygomycota

A
  • Form coenocytic hyphae containing numerous haploid nuclei
  • Sexual reproduction requires compatible opposite mating types +/- (‘heterothallic’)
    and produces zygosporangium (contains zygospore)
  • asexual reproduction is by formation of a sporangium that produces sporangiospores
23
Q

Example of zygomycota

A

Rhizopus stolonifera (bread mold)

24
Q

Ascomycota

A
  • Cup shape
  • Most are saprophytes
  • A few are plant and animal pathogens
  • Terriestrial and aquatic
25
Q

Characteristics of Ascomycota

A
  • Septate hyphae
  • Sexual reproduction: heterothallic or homothallic (self fertile), produces ascospores
  • Asexual reproduction: formation of conidiospores on conidiophores
26
Q

Examples of Ascomycota

A

Aspergillus spp, yeasts and truffles

27
Q

Basidiomycota

A
  • Most are saprophytes
  • A few plant and animal pathogens
  • Primarily terrestrial
  • includes edible mushrooms
  • many produce hallucinogenic compounds
28
Q

Characteristics of Basidiomycota

A
  • Usually septate hyphae
  • Sexual reproduction: heterothallic, produces basidiospores
  • Asexual reproduction is rare
29
Q

Examples of Basidiomycota

A

Common mushrooms (club fungi)

30
Q

What are the ecological roles of fungi

A
  • Decomposers
  • Disease agents
  • Symbiosis
  • Products and industry
31
Q

Fungi as decomposers

A
  • Break down complex macromolecules to simple molecules (e.g. cellulose)
  • Mineralise organic matter, returning important nutrients (e.g. C, N, P) to the environment
  • Convert organic matter into fungal biomass (which becomes food for other organisms)
32
Q

Disease agents

A
  • Plants
  • animals and humans (superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic infections)
33
Q

Example of systemic fungal disease

A

Histoplasmosis

34
Q

Example of superficial fungal disease

A

Black piedra

35
Q

Example of cutaneous fungal disease

A

Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

36
Q

Example of subcutaneous fungal disease

A

Sporothrix schenckii

37
Q

Two examples of symbiosis

A
  • Lichens: association between Ascomycete + alga or cyanobacterium
  • Mycorrhizae: association between Ascomycete or Basidiomycete + plant
38
Q

Examples of fungus in products and industry

A
  • Foods/beverages (bread, wine, beer, cheeses)
  • Industrial chemicals (organic acids, alcohols)
  • Pharmaceuticals e.g. antibiotics (penicillin)

MICR2208 (26 decks)

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