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unit 1 bio > 1.1- division and differentiation in human cells > Flashcards

1.1- division and differentiation in human cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

non-sex cells that make up all the cells in the human body other than gametes

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2
Q

4 things made up by somatic cells

A

smooth muscle cells

red blood cells

b lymphocytes

epithelial cells

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3
Q

how many chromosomes do somatic cells contain?

A

46 (23 homologous pairs) (diploid)

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4
Q

how do somatic cells divide and what into?

A

mitosis

divide into daughter cells which may then divide to form more cells

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5
Q

what does the division of somatic daughter cells result in?

A

increase in size of the body and its organs

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6
Q

what are germline cells?

A

cells that eventually leads to the formation of sex cells (gametes)

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7
Q

how many chromosomes do germline cells contain?

A

46 (23 homologous pairs) (diploid)

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8
Q

what happens when a germline cells nucleus divides by mitosis?

A

it maintains the diploid chromosome number

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9
Q

what types of nuclear division do germline cells undergo?

A

mitosis

meiosis

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10
Q

what is meiosis?

A

process that produces haploid gametes intended to fuse with another gamete to produce a zygote

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11
Q

process of meiosis

A

original germline cells contains 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes

division 1

homologous pairs of chromosomes separated and each cell contains 23 homologous chromosomes

division 2

chromosomes separated and 4 haploid cells are made each showing genetic variation

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12
Q

what cells do mitosis and meiosis take place in?

A

germline cells

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13
Q

summary of mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis- germline stem cells divide and produce more germline cells

meiosis- produces haploid gametes

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14
Q

what is cellular differentiation?

A

process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell

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15
Q

what does cellular differentiation allow a cell to do?

A

carry out a specialised function

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16
Q

what 3 things are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated

found in all multicellular organisms

self-renewing and can differentiate

17
Q

3 things tissue stem cells are involved in

A

growth, repair, renewal of cell types making up an individual

18
Q

what do tissue stem cells differentiate into?

A

differentiate into all of the types of cell found in a particular tissue type

19
Q

example of a tissue stem cell and 4 things it gives rise to

A

blood stem cells located in bone marrow

red blood cells
platelets
phagocytes
lymphocytes

20
Q

what are tissue stem cells described as being?

A

multipotent

21
Q

what do embryonic stem cells differentiate into?

A

cells in the very early embryo differentiate into all cell types that make up an individual

22
Q

how do embryonic stem cells differentiate?

A

all the genes in embryonic stem cells can be switched on

23
Q

what are embryonic stem cells described as being?

A

pluripotent

24
Q

what can stem cells in the embryo do under the right conditions in a lab?

A

self renew

25
Q

what does therapeutic mean?

A

use in medical treatments

26
Q

2 therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

corneal repair

regeneration of damaged skin

27
Q

what happens during corneal repair?

A

stem cells grown from patients own stem cells located at the edge of the cornea

grafting of the stem cell tissue from the healthy eye to the surface of the damaged eye

eyesight can be restored

28
Q

what happens during the regeneration of damaged skin?

A

skin graft using stem cells requires a small sample of skin to obtain stem cells

site needs much less healing time and suffers minimum scarring

sample normally taken from an area close to and similar structure to the site of injury

enzymes used to isolate and loosen the stem cells which are then cultured

once suspension of new stem cells has developed, they are sprayed over the damaged area to bring about regeneration of missing skin

29
Q

what happens in traditional skin grafts?

A

relatively large section of skin is removed

can lead to infection and longer healing time

30
Q

2 research uses of stem cells

A

model cells to study how diseases develop

drug testing

31
Q

what 3 things does stem cell research provide information on?

A

cell growth

cell differentiation

gene regulation work

32
Q

what ethical issues are there surrounding stem cell research?

A

involves destruction of an embryo- a potential human life

33
Q

what do cancer cells do?

A

divide excessively to produce an abnormal mass of cells

don’t respond to normal regulatory signals instructing them to stop dividing when necessary

34
Q

what do cancer cells result in?

A

abnormal mass of cells called a tumour

35
Q

how are secondary tumours made?

A

cells within the tumour may fail to attach to each other, spreading through the body where they may form secondary tumours

unit 1 bio (9 decks)

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