11 - Development

Question 1

Developmental psych

Answer 1

Study of continuity and change over life

Question 2

3 Prenatal stages

Answer 2

• Germinal stage (2 week period beginning at conception, zygote)
• Embryonic stage (2nd-8th week)
• Fetal stage (9th wk til birth)

Question 3

Placenta

Answer 3

Organ links bloodstreams of mother to unborn baby. Food, substances mother consumes affect baby. Teratogens damage process of development (drugs, viruses)

Question 4

Human brain development

Answer 4

Born with underdeveloped brains because fully developed could not pass thru birth canal. Brain must be able to adapt to various environments over lifespan

Question 5

Infancy

Answer 5

Birth-18-24 mo. At birth: poor sight, can mimic facial expressions, innate reflexes)

Question 6

Cephalocaudal rule

Answer 6

Top to bottom development of motor behavior

Question 7

Proximalcaudal rule

Answer 7

Inside to outside development of motor behavior

Question 8

Cognitive development

Answer 8

Ability to think and understand how world works, mental reps, ToM.

Question 9

Piaget’s four stages

Answer 9

Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 10

Egocentrism

Answer 10

Failure to understand world appears different to different observers. False belief test. Theory of mind

Question 11

2 skills to help learn from others

Answer 11

Joint attention and social referencing (seeing others’ reactions)

Question 12

Vygotsky

Answer 12

Children develop thru interactions with members of own culture

Question 13

Kohlberg’s 3 stages in moral development

Answer 13

Preconventional - morality determined by consequences for actor
Conventional - morality determined by conformity to social rules
Postconventional - Morality determined by general principles that reflect values

Question 14

Puberty

Answer 14

Primary sex characteristics - bodily structures involved in reproduction. Secondary sex characteristics - structures that change in puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction

Question 15

Erikson

Answer 15

Stages of development - must go thru each crisis and solve it or else potential negative consequences

Question 16

Cognitive decline

Answer 16

Peaks in 20s, declines from 26-30 onwards.

Question 17

Socio-emotional selectivity theory

Answer 17

Younger adults focused on future-pertinent info while older adults focus on emotional satisfaction in the present. Latter remembers more positive experiences.

Question 18

Stress, worry, anger thru age

Answer 18

All three decrease over time.

Question 19

Perceptions of aging

Answer 19

Young adults perceive more negative effects of aging than there actually are.

Question 20

Marriage and survival

Answer 20

Indications that people who are married in old age live longer.