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M11 - Systems Richard New > 11:5:2 Instruments Avionic Systems > Flashcards

11:5:2 Instruments Avionic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 groups can communication systems be split into on modern aircraft

A
  • Aircraft Communication (inside/outside the aircraft called the interphone and passenger address system PA)
  • Radio Communications (VHF, HF, SATCOM, ACARS
  • Accident Investigation (Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
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2
Q

What does SATCOM stand for

A

Satellite Communication System

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3
Q

What does ACARS stand for

A

Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting system

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4
Q

What are the 3 different microphones used in the cockpit

A
  • Integrated microphone (Headset and oxygen mask)
  • Hand held microphone (For passenger announcements)
  • Area microphone ( For Cockpit Voice Recorder)
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5
Q

What distances is VHF suitable for

A

Up to 200 nautical miles

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6
Q

What type of communication is HF suitable for

A

Very long distances as HF radio waves are reflected by the earths ionosphere

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7
Q

Using what means can ACARS communicate with the ground to provide its data

A

VHF, HF or SATCOM

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8
Q

The two main components of the communication system are located in the cockpit, what are they

A
  • Audio Control Panel (ACP)

- Radio Management Panel (RMP)

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9
Q

What 2 things does all communication need

A
  • Information (Audio, video, digital)

- Carrier (To transport the data on)

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10
Q

What is the main ‘carrier’ for information during flight

A

Radio Frequency signal (RF)

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11
Q

Radio frequencies in aviation are divided in to how many bands

A

8

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12
Q

What frequency is used for HF comms

A

3MHZ to 30MHZ

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13
Q

What radio frequency is used for VHF comms

A

30MHZ to 300MHZ

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14
Q

What is the point of static diss chargers/ static wicks?

A

To ensure static energy is continuously discharged to prevent a build up of high voltages on the fuselage which could damage electronic equipment and interrupt radio signals

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15
Q

A central computer connects and controls all necessary crew communication systems, what is it called

A

The Audio Management Unit (AMU)

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the Passenger Address system (PA)

A

To give information to the passengers

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17
Q

After what 2 incidences is the cabin PA system volume automatically increased

A
  • 1st is when the engines start (automatically by oil pressure switch)
  • 2nd is when oxygen masks release upon cabin depressurisation (done by 14,000ft switch
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18
Q

What 2 types of voice recorders are currently in use

A
  • Analogue tape recorder (stores last 30 mins of flight on tape the rest is automatically deleted)
  • Digital solid state recorder, stores last 120 mins of flight
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19
Q

Where is the voice recorder normally found in an aircraft

A

Next to the data recorder in the tail of the aircraft

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20
Q

When does the underwater locator beacon start its transmitting

A

When the battery of the transmitter comes in contact with water

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21
Q

How long will the underwater locator beacon transmit for once it has started transmitting

A

A minimum of 30 days

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22
Q

What sort of depths of water can the underwater locator beacon withstand

A

More than 3,000 meters

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23
Q

What is the case of the cockpit voice recorder made from and how many g’s of force can it withstand

A

A steel casing and can withstand force of more than 1000gs

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24
Q

When does the voice recorder start recording

A

Automatically when one engine is started or when the aircraft is in flight

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25
Q

How can the voice recorder be tested

A

A test switch in the cockpit. 600hz tone when park brake is set

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26
Q

How can the voice recorder be tested

A

A switch in the flight deck. Sends a 600hz tone when the park brake is set

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27
Q

When does the voice recorder stop recording

A

5 mins after shutdown of the last engine on the ground

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28
Q

What is the international emergency frequency

A

121.5MHz this should never be used for transmissions

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29
Q

What is normally the spacing between communication channels

A

25KHz

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30
Q

In Europe they require more frequencies and a lower spacing is required between them what is it

A

8.3KHz

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31
Q

How many independent VHF systems do most aircraft have

A

3

  • Captain
  • 1st O
  • ACARS
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32
Q

What is a common tell tale sign of a VHF system failure

A

No side tone

When making a transmission the user should be able to hear their own voice in headphones along with a side tone

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33
Q

What is the RMP

A

Radio Management Panel

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34
Q

How many frequency windows does the RMP have

A

2

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35
Q

If the HF system cannot be used reliably for long range communication what do most aircraft use

A

SATCOM

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36
Q

What are the 3 main HF components

A
  • Transceiver
  • Antenna
  • Antenna coupler
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37
Q

What is the antenna coupler used for in the HF system

A

Is used to select HF frequency

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38
Q

What is ACARS data transfer from satellite to ground called

A

Downlink

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39
Q

What is ACARS data from ground to satellite called

A

Uplink

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40
Q

What automatic reports does ACARS transmit

A

ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival report)

This is done 120 mins, 20 mins and 7 mins before arrival

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41
Q

What are the 3 main SATCOM components

A
  • Satellites
  • Aircraft Earth Station (AES)
  • Ground Earth Station (GES)
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42
Q

What 3 types of Emergency Locator Transmitters are used

A
  • Fixed (Always in tail of A/c)
  • Fixed/portable (Small A/c)
  • Portable
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43
Q

What two radio navigation systems are there

A
  • Automatic Direction Finder (ADR) (Oldmsystem)

- VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) (most common)

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44
Q

Other than ADF and VOR what other radio navigation system is used in aircraft

A

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

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45
Q

What is the purpose of ILS

A

Gives information to aid landing in bad weather

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46
Q

What are ILS’s 3 sub systems

A
  • Localiser
  • Glide slope
  • Marker beacon
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47
Q

What two types of navigation charts are used by flight crew

A
  • ICAO charts

- Enroute charts

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48
Q

What navigation charts are used on commercial flights

A

Enroute charts

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49
Q

What is the difference between true north and magnetic north

A

True North - Direction to the geographical North Pole

Magnetic North - Magnetic field lines are gathering

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50
Q

Because there are 2 North poles the aircraft must have 2 headings, what are they

A
  • True Heading (TH)

- Magnetic Heading (MH)

51
Q

What is Track (TK)

A

Is the direction in which an aircraft is moving over the earth

52
Q

What is heading

A

Where the aircraft is panning on heading

53
Q

What is Drift

A

The angle (difference) between track and heading

54
Q

What is Bearing (BRG)

A

Is the direction from the aircraft position to an object

55
Q

How many ground stations can be used for ADF navigation

A

3

Non Directional Beacons (NDB)
Locators
Public radio stations

56
Q

What 2 signals does the VOR ground station transmit

A
  • Reference Signal

- Variable signal

57
Q

What types of ground stations are used for VOR

A
  • Conventional VOR

- Doppler VOR

58
Q

What position data is supplied by the ILS system to assist the aircraft approach the runway

A

Lateral and vertical position data

59
Q

Where are the localiser and glide slope antennas normally located

A

Under the nose radome

60
Q

The ILS receiver has how many receivers

A

2

  • Localiser receiver
  • Glide slope receiver
61
Q

Where are ILS indications on modern aircraft shown

A

The PFD and ND

62
Q

How is localiser deviation worked out

A

1 dot = 1° out

63
Q

What are the 3 poor weather landing categories (ILS)

A

CAT 1 - Needs 800m of runway visibility, called runway visibility range (RVR) at a height of 200ft

CAT 2 - Requires about 400m of runway visibility at a height of 100ft

CAT 3 - Needs less than 200M runway visibility at a height below 100ft

64
Q

What is the decision height known as (ILS)

A

The minimum

65
Q

Is the Marker Beacon system a part of ILS

A

Yes

66
Q

What is the purpose of the Marker Beacon

A

It provides visual and aural indications when the aircraft flies over a Marker Beacon transmitter

67
Q

Originally 3 Marker beacons were used what were they

A
  1. Outer Marker (OM)
  2. Middle Marker (MM)
  3. Inner Marker (IM) - no longer used
68
Q

What do all Marker Beacons transmit on a frequency on

A

75Mhz

69
Q

What are the characteristics of the Outer Marker (Marker Beacon system)

A
  • Located around 7KM from the runway
  • 75Mhz transmitted signal modulated with a 400Hz tone
  • Turns blue lamp on Marker Beacon on
  • Morse code identifier of dashes
70
Q

What are the characteristics of the middle Marker (Marker Beacon)

A
  • Located around 1000M from the runway
  • 75Mhz transmitted signal modulated with 1300HZ tone
  • Amber lamp on Marker Beacon panel on
  • rose code identifier of dots and dashes
71
Q

What are the characteristics of the inner Marker

A
  • Located around 300m from the runway
  • 75Mhz transmitted signal modulated with a 3000Hz tone
  • White lamp on Marker Beacon on
  • Morse code identifier of dots
72
Q

What is the Radio altimeter also called

A

The Rad Alt

73
Q

What is the purpose of the radio altimeter

A

To measure the vertical distance between the aircraft and ground

74
Q

When is the radio altimeter system normally used

A

During take off, approach and landing also known as the Low Range Radio Altimeter (LRRA)

75
Q

The Radio Altimeter system only indicates below how many feet?

A

2500ft

76
Q

What are the 2 main components of the radio altimeter

A
  • Transceiver

- Antenna

77
Q

What is GPWS

A

Ground Proximity Warning System

78
Q

What is the purpose of the Ground Proximity Warning System

A

To warn the flight crew when the aircraft accidentally comes too close to ground

79
Q

How does the GPWS warn the flight crew

A
  • Aural alert
  • Annunciator lights
  • Alert messages
80
Q

The basic GPWS operates automatically when the aircraft is under how many ft

A

2500

81
Q

What does the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System do from the regular GPWS

A

Shows terrain around The aircraft and shows it on the Navigation display (ND)

82
Q

What is GPWS mode 7

A

Wind shear mode

83
Q

How does the DME measure distance to the ground station

A

It sends a signal to the ground station

Indicated in nautical miles

84
Q

How is DME tuned

A

The DME ground station is paired with a VOR or localiser ground station therefore is automatically tuned when you select the corresponding VHF NAV frequency

85
Q

What is the antenna for the DME identical to

A

The air traffic control, both systems work off the same frequency range

86
Q

What type of pulse sweep area does the weather radar system produce

A

180° sweep area in front of the aircraft

87
Q

Why must precautions be followed when operating the weather radar system on the ground

A

Because of the heat and radiation that it produces

88
Q

What are the rules of refuelling when operating the weather radar system on the ground

A

Refuelling aircraft and large metallic objects must be at least 200-300ft away

89
Q

What are the 3 ATC identification codes that must never be transmitted on the ground as they are emergency codes

A

7500 - Hijacking
7600 - Radio Failure
7700 - If the aircraft is in an emergency

90
Q

What does TCAS stand for

A

Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System

91
Q

What is the purpose of TCAS

A

Protect airspace around a TCAS equipt aeroplane

92
Q

What is the TCAS Traffic Advisory (TA) aural alert

A

TRAFFIC TRAFFIC

93
Q

How does the GPS system calculate the aircrafts position so accurately

A

By receiving data from a minimum of 4 GPS satellites

94
Q

How many satellites are used for GPS

A

24 and 3 spare

95
Q

How often do GPS satellites complete an orbit

A

Once every 12 hours

96
Q

What 2 services does GPS provide

A
  • Precision Positioning Service (PPS) : Military

- Standard Positioning Service (SPS) : Civilian

97
Q

How accurate is the Standard Positioning Service (SPS)

A

Accurate to a range between 15-25m

98
Q

How can SPS Standing Positioning Service accuracy improved to a range of 3m

A

By a Differential GPS (DGPS)

99
Q

How many GPSs are normally installed

A

2

100
Q

What are the 2 main GPS components

A
  • GPS antenna

- GPS unit

101
Q

What is FANS

A

Future Air Navigation System

102
Q

What FANS do Boeing use

A

1+2

103
Q

What FANS do Airbus use

A

A, A+ and B

104
Q

How many different types of gyros are used on aircraft

A

3

105
Q

How many gyros with 3° of freedom are used

A

2

Vertical gyro
Directional Gyro

106
Q

How many gyros are used with 2° of freedom

A

3

1 for each axis

107
Q

Apart from gyros with 3° and 2° of freedom what other gyro is used on aircraft

A

Rate gyros

1 for each axis and a computer to calculate the attitude from the rate signals

108
Q

How do laser gyros work

A

A laser gyro uses rotating light beams to measure the angular rate

109
Q

How many types of accelerometers are used on aircraft

A

3

  • Electrolyte accelerometers
  • Mass and spring accelerometers
  • Pendulum accelerometers
110
Q

Which accelerometer is the preferred type

A

Pendulum accelerometer

111
Q

What is the AHRS

A

Attitude Heading Reference System

112
Q

What does the AHRS contain

A
  • Gyros
  • Accelerometer
  • Computer
113
Q

What is the more modern version of the AHRS

A

(IRU) Inertial Reference Unit from the IRS

114
Q

What must the IRS do upon startup

A

Carry out an ‘Align Phase’ to set the system up so it is ready to operate

115
Q

How long does it take for the IRS to carry out its align phase

A

Around 10 mins

116
Q

During the first 5 mins of the Aligning phase of the IRS what is the activity called

A

Levelling

117
Q

What is the purpose of the (FMS) Flight Management System

A

It is a computer system which reduces pilot workload ND improves flight safety and economy

118
Q

What 3 main functions does the FMS carry out

A
  • Optimum flight track
  • Best profile
  • Estimated time for each flight
119
Q

What 5 sub systems does autopilot normally have

A
  • Autopilot (AP)
  • Flight Director (FD)
  • Auto Throttle System (ATS)
  • Automatic Pitch Trim System (Auto trim)
  • Yaw Damper system (YD)
120
Q

What subsystem does the Auto Trim and Yaw Damper systems have

A

Stability Augmentation System (SAS)

121
Q

The autopilot can control the aircraft from which 2 axis

A

Longitudinal - Aileron - Roll

Lateral - Elevator - Pitch

122
Q

What are the biggest autopilot advances that came about in the 1990s

A
  • Fly by wire
  • Integrated FMS
  • Autothrottle
  • FADEC
123
Q

How is the autopilot disengaged

A

On the control panel or by pressing the disengage bar

Also red quick disengage button

M11 - Systems Richard New (7 decks)

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