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Microbiology Unit 3 > (11-29) Nervous System Infections > Flashcards

(11-29) Nervous System Infections Flashcards

1. List the main components of the nervous system. 2. Describe how microorganisms gain entrance to the central nervous system. 3. Explain the importance of the blood-brain barrier in relation to treatment of infections of the central nervous system. 4. Describe the characteristics, symptoms, causes, pathogenesis, modes of transmission, prevention and treatment of bacterial meningitis. 5. Describe the characteristics, symptoms, causes, pathogenesis, modes of transmission, prevention and treat

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1
Q

What are the 2 main components of the central nervous system.

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Motor nerves

2. Sensory nerves

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3
Q

Which parts of the body are enclosed by bone and by three membranes meninges?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Describe the location of motor cell bodies and the function of their axons.

A
  1. Body of nerves cell in CNS

2. Axon carry nerve impulses to muscles

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5
Q

Where are sensory nerve bodies located?

A

In ganglia

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6
Q

What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), and where can it be sampled?

A
  1. “Liquid cushion” in and around brain and spinal cord

2. Can be sampled at L5

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7
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Special cells surround capillaries of brain, preventing most blood borne substances from entering CSF
~ Ex. Penicillin

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8
Q

Define Meningitis.

A

infection or inflammation of the meninges

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9
Q

Define Encephalitis.

A

inflammation or infection of the brain

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10
Q

Meningitis, Listeriosis with meningitis, Hansen’s Disease, and Botulism with paralysis are all types of what?

A

Bacterial Nervous System Infections

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11
Q

What is the causative agent of Meningococcal Meningitis?

A
  1. Neisseria meningidis

2. A Gram negative diplococcus

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12
Q

Under which 2 circumstances can Meningococcal Meningitis epidemics occur?

A
  1. In crowded or stressed populations

2. Can also occur sporadically

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13
Q

What is the source of Meningococcal Meningitis?

A

Humans

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14
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of Meningococcal Meningitis?

A
  1. Sudden, severe headache
  2. Fever
  3. Pain & stiffness in neck & back
  4. Nausea
  5. Vomiting
  6. Petechiae
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15
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Meningococcal Meningitis in 6 steps.

A
  1. Inhalation of infected respiratory droplets
  2. Bacteria adhere to mucous membranes via pili and multiply
  3. Invade bloodstream by passing through respiratory epithelium
    ~ bloodstream carries organisms to CSF
  4. Organisms multiply faster than neutrophils can phagocytose them.
  5. Inflammation causes swelling. Can obstruct outflow of CSF, causing brain to squeeze against skull.
  6. Release of endotoxin causes drop in blood pressure, leading to shock.
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16
Q

Describe 2 Meningococcal Meningitis vaccines.

A
  1. For adults: purified capsule

2. For children: conjugate capsule

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17
Q

How can Meningococcal Meningitis mortality be reduced to <10%?

A

Penicillin and other antibiotics

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18
Q

What is the causative agent in Hansen’s Disease?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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19
Q

What is the old name for Hansen’s Disease?

A

Leprosy

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20
Q

Describe the bacterial attributes of Mycobacterium leprae.

A
  1. Acid-fast
  2. Slow-growing
  3. Rod
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21
Q

Where are the changes caused by Hansen’s Disease most apparent?

A

The face

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Hansen’s Disease?

A
  1. Begins gradually with increased or decreased sensation in certain areas of skin.
  2. Affected areas later enlarge, thicken, and lose hair, sensation, and ability to sweat.
  3. Nerves in extremities visibly enlarge, accompanied by pain that proceeds to numbness, muscle wasting, ulceration, and loss of fingers, toes, and nose.
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23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Hansen’s Disease.

A
  1. Infects small nerves of skin.
  2. Grows slowly with macrophages.
  3. Disease may spontaneously stop progressing, or gradually overwhelm immune system.
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24
Q

Differentiate between Tubercloid leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy.

A

Tuberculoid leprosy:

  1. Nerve damage– although permanent– doesn’t progress.
  2. Rarely transmitted to others.

Lepromatous leprosy:

  1. Immune system is gradually overwhelmed.
  2. Transmitted via respiratory droplets.
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25
Q

Describe the vaccines for Hansen’s Disease.

A

There are none.

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26
Q

Which 2 drugs are used to treat Hansen’s disease? What are the treatment times for Tuberculoid vs. Lepromatous?

A

Dapsone and Rifampin

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27
Q

What is the causative agent of Meningococcal Meningitis?

A
  1. Neisseria meningidis

2. A Gram negative diplococcus

28
Q

Under which 2 circumstances can Meningococcal Meningitis epidemics occur?

A
  1. In crowded or stressed populations

2. Can also occur sporadically

29
Q

What is the source of Meningococcal Meningitis?

A

Humans

30
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of Meningococcal Meningitis?

A
  1. Sudden, severe headache
  2. Fever
  3. Pain & stiffness in neck & back
  4. Nausea
  5. Vomiting
  6. Petechiae
31
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Meningococcal Meningitis in 6 steps.

A
  1. Inhalation of infected respiratory droplets
  2. Bacteria adhere to mucous membranes via pili and multiply
  3. Invade bloodstream by passing through respiratory epithelium
    ~ bloodstream carries organisms to CSF
  4. Organisms multiply faster than neutrophils can phagocytose them.
  5. Inflammation causes swelling. Can obstruct outflow of CSF, causing brain to squeeze against skull.
  6. Release of endotoxin causes drop in blood pressure, leading to shock.
32
Q

Describe 2 Meningococcal Meningitis vaccines.

A
  1. For adults: purified capsule

2. For children: conjugate capsule

33
Q

How can Meningococcal Meningitis mortality be reduced to <10%?

A

Penicillin and other antibiotics

34
Q

What is the causative agent in Hansen’s Disease?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

35
Q

What is the old name for Hansen’s Disease?

A

Leprosy

36
Q

Describe the bacterial attributes of Mycobacterium leprae.

A
  1. Acid-fast
  2. Slow-growing
  3. Rod
37
Q

Where are the changes caused by Hansen’s Disease most apparent?

A

The face

38
Q

What are the symptoms of Hansen’s Disease?

A
  1. Begins gradually with increased or decreased sensation in certain areas of skin.
  2. Affected areas later enlarge, thicken, and lose hair, sensation, and ability to sweat.
  3. Nerves in extremities visibly enlarge, accompanied by pain that proceeds to numbness, muscle wasting, ulceration, and loss of fingers, toes, and nose.
39
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Hansen’s Disease.

A
  1. Infects small nerves of skin.
  2. Grows slowly with macrophages.
  3. Disease may spontaneously stop progressing, or gradually overwhelm immune system.
40
Q

Differentiate between Tubercloid leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy.

A

Tuberculoid leprosy:

  1. Nerve damage– although permanent– doesn’t progress.
  2. Rarely transmitted to others.

Lepromatous leprosy:

  1. Immune system is gradually overwhelmed.
  2. Transmitted via respiratory droplets.
41
Q

Describe the vaccines for Hansen’s Disease.

A

There are none.

42
Q

Name 2 drugs used to treat Hansen’s disease. What are the treatment times for Tuberculoid vs. Lepromatous?

A
  1. Dapsone and Rifampin
  2. Treatment times:
    Tuberculoid leprosy = 6 months
    Lepromatous leprosy = 2 years
43
Q

Why is combination therapy used to treat TB?

A

Combination therapy is required to control resistance.

44
Q

Name 2 viruses that can cause Viral Meningitis.

A
  1. Enteroviruses

2. Mumps virus

45
Q

How are Viral Meningitis-causing Enteroviruses transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

46
Q

How are Viral Meningitis-causing Mumps Virus transmitted?

A

respiratory droplets

47
Q

What type of viruses can cause Viral Encephalitis? Cite one example.

A

Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitos

~ ex.West Nile Virus

48
Q

Which virus causes Infantile Paralysis, Poliomyelitis?

A

Polio virus

49
Q

Which virus causes Rabies?

A

Rabies virus

50
Q

Give 4 examples of mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) that can cause Viral Encephalitis.

A
  1. Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)
  2. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)
  3. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE)
  4. West Nile virus
51
Q

Which type of Viral Encephalitis is found in Nebraska and Wyoming?

A

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)

52
Q

Which type of Viral Encephalitis is found in Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, and Rhode Island?

A

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)

53
Q

Which types of Viral Encephalitis is found in Florida, Illinois, and Louisiana?

A
  1. Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)

2. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE)

54
Q

Which type of Viral Encephalitis is found in Arizona, California, Colorado, and Texas?

A
  1. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE)

2. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)

55
Q

Name 4 abrupt symptoms of Viral Encephalitis.

A
  1. Fever
  2. Headache
  3. Vomiting
  4. One or more nervous system abnormalities
56
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of West Nile Encephalitis.

A
  1. Viruses multiply at site of bite and in local lymph nodes
    ~ Produces viremia
  2. Virus crosses blood-brain barrier by unknown mechanism
  3. Causes extensive damage to brain tissue in severe cases
  4. Progression of disease halted with appearance of neutralizing antibody
57
Q

What is the mortality for West Nile Encephalitis?

A

Mortality ranges from 2% to 50% depending of type of infecting agent

58
Q

How does the rate of viral encephalitis compare with that of viral meningitis?

A
  1. Minority infected develop encephalitis

2. Majority develop viral meningitis

59
Q

What are West Nile’s natural reservoirs?

A
  1. birds

2. rodents

60
Q

What usually usually causes most cases of viral encephalitis?

A

LaCrosse encephalitis

61
Q

What is the prevention of West Nile Encephalitis?

A
  1. Avoiding outdoor activities at night when mosquito populations highest
  2. Make sure windows and porches properly screened
  3. Use insect repellents and insecticides
62
Q

Which antiviral drug is effective against West Nile?

A

No proven antiviral therapy

63
Q

What are the early and late symptoms of Rabies?

A

Early:

  1. Fever
  2. head and muscle ache
  3. sore throat
  4. Hydrophobia occurs in 50% of cases

Late:

  1. muscle spasms of the mouth and throat
  2. coma
  3. death (~50% of patients die within 4 days)
64
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Rabies.

A
  1. Rabies virus is transmitted in salvia, usually via bit of infected dog, bat, or raccoon
  2. Virus multiples in muscle cells at site of infection
  3. Virus reaches brain via infected nerve axon
  4. Multiplies extensively in brain
  5. Negri bodies form at sites of replication
65
Q

How can Rabies be prevented?

A
  1. Avoid rabid animals

2. Vaccinate pets

66
Q

What is the treatment for Rabies?

A

anti-rabies antibodies

Microbiology Unit 3 (9 decks)

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