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Microbiology Unit 3 > (11-28) Genitourinary Infections > Flashcards

(11-28) Genitourinary Infections Flashcards

1. Describe the defense mechanisms that help to prevent infections in the urinary tract. 2. Give the possible consequences of fallopian tube infections. 3. Give the parts of the genitourinary system that lack a normal flora, and those that possess a normal flora. 4. Describe the factors that predispose to urinary tract infections. 5. List the characteristics, site of the disease, causes, modes of transmission, prevention and treatment for the following diseases: Bacterial cystitis (Pyeloneph

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1
Q

How many bacteria normally colonize the urine and urinary tract above the bladder entrance?

A

None. It is normally sterile.

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2
Q

List 4 bacteria that the lower ureter usually contains.

A
  1. Lactobacillus
  2. Staphylococcus
  3. Corynebacterium
  4. Streptococcus
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3
Q

What causes the normal flora within the female genital tract to vary? Give an example.

A
  1. Hormonal changes

2. When estrogen is present, Lactobacillus create more acidic pH, increasing resistance to pathogens

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4
Q

What helps to keep the urinary tract sterile?

A

The downward flow of urine

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5
Q

Define Cystitis,

A

inflammation of the bladder

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6
Q

Define Nephritis.

A

inflammation of the kidney

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7
Q

Define Pyelonephritis.

A

infection of kidney

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8
Q

Which bacterium causes 80-90% of bacterial cystitis?

A

E. coli

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9
Q

What increases risk of urinary tract infection by normal intestinal flora?

A

Any situation interfering with urine flow

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10
Q

Give an example of a non-venereal genital system disease.

A

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock

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11
Q

Which bacterium can grow in the highly absorbent tampons that were removed from market in 1980s?

A

S. aureus

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12
Q

Toxic shock syndrome exotoxin toxin-1 (TSST-1) is caused by some strains of which bacterium?

A

S. aureus

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13
Q

List 4 bacterial venereal diseases.

A
  1. Gonorrhea (the clap)
  2. Chlamydial infections
  3. Syphilis
  4. Chancroid
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14
Q

List 3 viral venereal diseases.

A
  1. Genital herpes simplex
  2. Papillomavirus infections
  3. AIDS
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15
Q

Name a Protozoal venereal disease.

A

Trichomoniasis

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16
Q

Which bacterium causes Gonorrhea (the clap)?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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17
Q

Which bacteria cause Chlamydial infections?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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18
Q

Which bacterium causes Syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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19
Q

Which bacterium causes Chancroid?

A

Haemophilis ducreyi

20
Q

Which virus causes Genital herpes simplex?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

21
Q

Which virus cause Papillomavirus infections?

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

22
Q

Which virus causes AIDS?

A

HIV

23
Q

Which protozoan causes Trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomona vaginalis

24
Q

What are the reported and estimated incidence of Gonorrhea per year in the US? Worldwide?

A
  1. ~300,000 new cases per year in US
  2. Not always reported, incidence may be 600,000
  3. 100 million annual cases worldwide
25
Q

What type of bacterium is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram negative diplococcus

26
Q

What is Neisseria gonorrhoeae’s main route of transfer and how well does it survive outside its host?

A
  1. transmitted primarily via intimate sexual contact

2. Do not survive well outside host

27
Q

Where does Neisseria gonorrhoeae attach inside its host, and what does it use to attach?

A
  1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae attaches to the epithelial cells of the urethra, uterine cervix, pharynx, and conjunctiva.
  2. It attaches via pili
28
Q

In which 3 ways does Neisseria gonorrhoeae avoid host defenses?

A
  1. enzyme degrades IgA
  2. avoids complement
  3. pili can be antigenically varied
29
Q

How do women form a reservoir for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

50% of woman are asymptomatic, so they don’t realize they are infected. Meanwhile, they are still transmitting the disease to others.

30
Q

Name 2 preventative measures that can be taken to avoid contracting Gonorrhea.

A
  1. Abstinence

2. Condoms

31
Q

Which type of vaccine is available for Gonorrhea? What is its name?

A

There is no vaccine available for Gonorrhea.

32
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae contains R-plasmids. What is the clinical significance of that attribute?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is resistant to many antibiotics

33
Q

Which type of drug is used to fight Neisseria gonorrhoeae? How effective are they?

A
  1. Cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone commonly used

2. resistance to ceftriaxone in Japan in 2009

34
Q

15% to 30% of untreated Gonorrhea-infected women develop which disease?

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

35
Q

How does N. gonorrhoeae cause PID?

A
  1. It travels up fallopian tubes.

2. Occasionally, it exits the fallopian tubes and infects liver and other abdominal organs

36
Q

What can be the long-term result of PID?

A

Scarring of fallopian tube can lead to sterility or ectopic pregnancy.

37
Q

What is Opthalmia neonatorum?

A

It is the infection of a newborn’s conjunctiva, acquired by passage through the birth canal of mother, asymptomatically infected with Gonorrhea.

38
Q

How are all newborns in US protected against Opthalmia neonatorum?

A

They receive antibiotic eye-drops.

39
Q

Which virus are Genital Herpes generally caused by?

A

herpes-simplex virus type 2

40
Q

What is the prevalence of HSV-2 in Americans?

A

45 million (1 in 5)

41
Q

Describe the symptoms of Genital Herpes, including time of onset.

A
  1. Symptoms begin 2 to 20 days post infection

2. Include genital itching and burning, followed by blisters

42
Q

What are are Genital Herpes blisters due to?

A

viral infection (and lysis of) epithelial cells

43
Q

What happens to a Genital Herpes virus after an outbreak?

A

Virus enters latent stage in nerve cells

44
Q

What are the treatments for Genital Herpes?

A

No cure, antiviral can decrease severity of “first attack”

45
Q

How can Genital Herpes be prevented? How effective is that preventative measure?

A
  1. Condoms

2. Not 100% effective

Microbiology Unit 3 (9 decks)

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