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Biochem Exam 5 > 11/28: Neuromuscular Control > Flashcards

11/28: Neuromuscular Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS dividded into?

A

Afferent and efferents

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2
Q

What are afferents?

A

Sensory neurons
to CNS (somatic and visceral)

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3
Q

What are efferents?

A

Motor neurons
Away from CNS (autonomic and somatic)

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4
Q

What do somatics innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle (motor neurons)

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5
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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6
Q

What acetylcholine receptor is found on skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholine nicotine

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7
Q

What does stimulation of the Ach nicotinic reecptor lead to?

A

Change in membrane potential - end plate potential

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8
Q

End plate potential usually always causes…

A

An action potential

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9
Q

What proteins are responsible for carrying the AP across a muscle?

A

Voltage gated sodium channels

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10
Q

What is an end plate potential?

A

The stimulation in membrane potential of skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Do end plate potentials almost always cause an AP to form?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Once a T-tubule brings an AP down into the muscle cell from the surface, what are the steps that occur in order for Ca+2 to actually be released?

A
  1. AP acts on Dihydro purine receptors (DHPRs)
  2. DHPRs change conformations and physically attach to RyR1 receptor
  3. RyR1 receptor acts on SR to release Ca+2 intramuscularly
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13
Q

What protein is responsible for allowing Ca+2 reuptake after contractions have ceased?

A

SERCA

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14
Q

Regarding actin and myosin, what protein is responsible for connecting the cytoskeeton of the fiber to the extracellular matrix?

A

Dystrophin

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15
Q

What complex does dystrophin attach to on the SR?

A

Dystrophin-associated protein complex

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16
Q

What is the syndrome called when one lacks the dystrophin protein?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

17
Q

What are the two products acetylcholine is broken down into by acetylcholinesterase?

A

Choline and acetic acid

18
Q

What co-transporter is choline reabsorbed with?

A

Sodium-Choline co-transporter

19
Q

What enzyme turns choline and acetyl-CoA back into acetylcholine?

A

Choline Acetyl transferase

20
Q

What does SERCA stand for?

A

Sarcoplasmic
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Calcium
ATPase

21
Q

Once SERCA has reuptaked Ca+2 into the SR, what protein within the SR is responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient of Ca+2 so it is held within the SR?

A

Calsequestrin

22
Q

Ultimately, Ca+2 will need to be released from the SR to go extracellularly, besides the
Ca+2 ATPase pump, what other pump is responsible for this?

A

NCX

23
Q

How does NCX work?

A

By using the Na gradient to allow Na to come into muscle cell while pushing Ca out of it

24
Q

What toxins inhibit Ca+2 channels within neurons?

A

Conotoxin

25
Q

How does BoTox work?

A

BoTox works by inhibiting ACh release by inhibiting the snare proteins necessary for vesicle fusion

26
Q

What compound prescribed inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and INCREASES muscle contraction?

A

Physostigmine

27
Q

If one wanted to INCREASE muscle contraction and activity, what compounds would you prescribe?

A

Acetylcholine
Nicotine

28
Q

What compound inhibits acetylcholine nicotinin (AChR) receptors and DECREASES muscle contraction?

A

alpha-Tubocurarine (Curarine)

29
Q

What inhibits ACh release and DECREASES muscle contraction?

A

Botulinum toxin (BoTox)

30
Q

What inhibits neuronal Na+ channel and DECREASES muscle contraction?

A

Tetrodotoxin

31
Q

What inhibits Ca2+ channel and DECREASES muscle contraction?

A

w-Conotoxin

32
Q

What causes myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune attack to the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors so ACh cannot bind

33
Q

Fill in the chart

A

Biochem Exam 5 (11 decks)

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