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Biochem Exam 5 > 11/27: Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Control > Flashcards

11/27: Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are electrical synapses?

A

Two neurons connected by a gap junction

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2
Q

What do electrical synapses allow for?

A

Electrical current to flow directly from one cell to the other

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3
Q

What are chemical synapses?

A

Release of neurotransmitters from axon terminal (presynapatic membrane) and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

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4
Q

What trigger EPSPs/IPSPs or modulate the postsynaptic cell?

A

Neurotransmitters

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5
Q

What is the amount of neurotransmitter packaged in the terminal?

A

Quanta

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6
Q

Once a neurotransmitter has bound to its receptor on the postsynaptic vesicle, what does it trigger?

A

EPSPs and IPSPs

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7
Q

What are EPSPs?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

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8
Q

What are IPSPs?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

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9
Q

What are responsible for starting the process of binding vesicles to synaptic membrane?

A

SNARE proteins

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10
Q

Where are SNARE proteins found?

A

In the SV and plasma membrane

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11
Q

What do SNARE proteins do?

A

Help dock vesicles and then zip together to force membranes to fuse

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12
Q

What triggers fusion and exocytosis?

A

Calcium

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13
Q

Depending on the NT and the type of receptor it binds to, it can ______ or ______ the postsynaptic membrane

A

Excite; inhibit

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14
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate
Aspartate
Nitric oxide

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15
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Glycine
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine

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16
Q

What are both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

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17
Q

What is an example of an EPSP summation?

A

NT opens cation channels for Na+ or Ca2+

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18
Q

What is an example of IPSP summation?

A

NT opens Cl- channels

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19
Q

What do neurons receive inputs from?

A

Other neurons synapsing with the dendrites or cell body

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20
Q

Where do the sums of all the EPSPs and IPSPs occur within a neuron?

A

Axon hillox

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21
Q

What happens when the graded potential caused by the summation of EPSPs/IPSPs reach a threshold potential at the axon hillock?

A

Opens a voltage gated Na+ channel and induces an action potential in the neuronal axon

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22
Q

What are small molecule transmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
ATP/adenosine

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23
Q

What are the three amino acid derivative small molecule neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate (Glu)
Gamma-amminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine (Gly)

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24
Q

What are the 5 amine based small molecule neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Serotonin (5-HT)
  2. Histamine
  3. Dopamine (DA)
  4. Norepinephrine (NE)
  5. Epinephrine (E)
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25
Q

What small molecule neurotransmitter is excitatory?

A

Glutamate

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26
Q

What small molecule neurotransitter is inhibitory?

A

GABA

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27
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by the hypothalamus?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, leutenizing hormone releasing hormone somatosatin

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28
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by the pituitary?

A

Adrenocrticotropic hormone
Prolactin
Luteinizing hormone
Thyrotropin
Growth hormone
Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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29
Q

What are examples of endorphins?

A

Enkephalins
Opioids

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30
Q

What are other types of proteins/peptide neurotransmitters?

A

Substance P
Bradykinin
Angiotensin II

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31
Q

What are the gas type neurotransmitters?

A

Nitric oxide (NO)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

32
Q

What are the two naturally produced endocannabinoids?

A

Anandamide
Arachidonoyl glycerol

33
Q

What receptor do endocannabinoids and THC plant derived cannabinoids use?

34
Q

What does binding to a CB1 receptor do?

A

Inhibit Ca+2 release causing 5 things to occur

35
Q

What are the 5 things that occur once CB1 has bound to its ligand?

A
  1. Increase in pleasure
  2. Inhibition of pain
  3. Inhibition of nausea
  4. A decrease in learning/memory
  5. Movement
36
Q

Where are small molecule NT made?

A

In the terminal

37
Q

Where are peptides made?

A

In the cell body

38
Q

What NT does cholinergic neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

39
Q

What NT does dopaminergic neurons use?

A

Dopamine (DA)

40
Q

What NT does noradrenergic neurons use?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

41
Q

What NT does glutamatergic neurons use?

A

Glutamate (Glu)

42
Q

What NT does GABAergic neurons use?

43
Q

What NT does peptidergic neurons use?

44
Q

What are the 3 types of NT receptors?

A
  1. Transmitter-gated ion channels/ionotropic receptors
    - ion channels (Na+,K+,Cl-,Ca2+)
    - depolarize/hyperpolarize cell
  2. G-protein coupled receptors/metabotropic receptors
    - indirectly linked to ion channels
  3. Enzyme-linked receptors
    - tyrosine kinase receptors
45
Q

What ions do ionotropic receptors bind to?

A

a. Na
b. K
c. Cl
d. Ca

46
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitter binds to its receptor?

A

Changes conformation

47
Q

What does the opening of ion channels result in?

A

An increased concentration of the ion inside the cell

48
Q

What is an example of an ionotropic receptor that is found all over the body?

A

GABA-chloride channel

49
Q

What is an example of an INOTROPIC receptor found all over the body?

A

a. NMDA receptor for glutamate

50
Q

What does the NMDA/glutamate receptor channel do?

A

Allows the passage of Na and Ca into the cell and for K to leave

51
Q

What are channel blocking antagonists?

A

Ketamine, PCP
d-methadone, memantine

52
Q

What is an example of an Acetylcholine ionotropic receptor?

A

Nicotinic receptor

53
Q

Where is the Nicotinic receptor located?

A

Nerves and muscles

54
Q

What ion does the nicotinic receptor allow for the passage of?

55
Q

What is the antagonist to the nicotinic receptor?

56
Q

How do metabotropic receptors work?

A

Through the use of a G-protein which diffuses into the membrane

57
Q

What does the diffused G-protein do?

A

Act on ion channels, enzymes, and gene transcription

58
Q

What is an example of an acetylcholine metabotropic receptor?

A

Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor

59
Q

Where is the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor found?

60
Q

What is the antagonist to the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor?

61
Q

Is Beta1 adrenergic a metabotropic receptor?

62
Q

What does the Beta1 receptor due to the heart once it has binded to epinephrine?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility

63
Q

Can ACh activate both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

64
Q

What are the agonists for ACh?

A

Nicotine
Muscarine

65
Q

What are the antagonists for ACh?

A

Curare
Atropine

66
Q

What are the receptors for Ach?

A

Nicotonic receptor
Muscarinic receptor

67
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

Skeletal muscle or nerve
Postganglionic neurons

68
Q

Where are msucarinic receptors located?

A

Parasympathetic actions; found in target organs

69
Q

What are the three steps that occur in terminating a NT?

A
  1. Reuptake
  2. Breakdown
  3. Diffusion
70
Q

How does nerve gas take advantage of this?

A

By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase so acetylcholine cannot be broken down
i. Death by spasmodic contractions

71
Q

What two drugs are voltage gated sodium channel blockers?

A

Lidocaine
Tetrodotoxin

72
Q

How does caffeine increase HR within the body?

A

By increasing cAMP which increases Ca so HR goes up

73
Q

How do SSRIs and Cocaine block reuptake of acetylcholine by the presynaptic neuron?

A

Block protein responsible for reuptake
i. Block it

74
Q

What does ecstasy and amphetamines do to acetylcholine?

A

Increase its release from the vesicles; block reuptake
i. This is why these drugs “feel good”

75
Q

What kind of potentiation do synapses have?

76
Q

What kind of response do potentiation of synapses increase?

A

The response in the postsynaptic neuron
- more receptors
- phosphorylation of proteins to increase response

77
Q

What kind fo releases do potentiation of synapses increase?

A

Release of NT (glutamate) from presynaptic neuron

Biochem Exam 5 (11 decks)

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