1050 Unit 1 Definitions Flashcards
Adaptive immunity
a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response to the pathogen upon repeated exposure. key cell involved is lymphocytes
Antibodies
glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to foreign substance exposure. Also known an immunoglobulin
Anitgens
macromolecules that is capable of eliciting formation of immunoglobulin or sensitized lymphocytes in an immunocompetent hosts
Attenuation
a process of producing nonpathological bacteria or rinses for use in vaccines. The organisms have been weakened by treatment with a chemicals, exposure to elevated/cold temperature or repeated passage in cell culture
B lymphocytes
cells derived from the bone marrow which play a key role in the humoral immune response; they develop into plasma cells that produces specific antibodies
Basophils
A type of WBC found in peripheral blood, containing granules that are involved in allergic reactions
Bone marrow
the largest tissue in the body, located un long bones, in which functions in the generation of hematopoietic cells and B cells maturation
cell-mediated immunity
a type of immunity in which T cells produce cytokines that help to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response ( cytokines assist B cells in starting antibody production, eliminating tumors/target cells, rejecting grafts, stimulating hematopoiesis in bone marrow, initiate delayed hypersensitivity allergic reaction reactions
chemotaxins
a protein or other substances that acts as a chemical messenger to produce chemotaxis
clusters of differentiation
antigenic markers of leukocytes that are identified by groups of monoclonal antibodies expressing common or overlapping reactivity
cytokines
small protein that acts as a chemical messenger to affect the function or activity of other cells, especially cells of the immune system
dendritic cells
tissue cells covered with long membranous extensions. Shows antigens on its surface to other cells of immune system
Diapedesis
the process by which cells are capable of moving from the circulating blood to the tissues by squeezing through the wall of a blood vessel
Eosinophil
WBC that contains reddish-orange granules on wright-stained blood smears and is involved in allergic reactions, specifically against parasites
Germinal center
the interior of a secondary follicle where blast transformation of B cells take place
hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
humoral immunity
protection from disease resulting from substances in the serum/plasma
immunity
the condition of being resistant to infection
immunology
the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body
innate immunity
(natural immunity) the ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions
leukocytes
WBc’s
lymphocytes
the key WBC involved in the adaptive immune response
lymph nodes
a secondary lymphoid organ that is located along a lymphatic duct and whose purpose is to filter lymphatic fluid from the tissues and acts as a site for processing of foreign antigen
Macrophages
a WBC that engulfs and kills microbes and presents antigen to T cells
Mast cells
a tissue cell that plays a role in allergic reactions
Memory cells
progeny of an antigen-activated B or T cells that is able to respond to antigen more quickly than the parent cell.
monocytes
the largest WBC is peripheral blood. It migrates to the tissues to become a macrophages
Natural Killer cells
A type of lymphocytes that has the ability to kill target cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior exposure to them
Neutrophils
WBC with a multi-lobed nucleus and a large number of neutral staining granules on a blood smear treated with wright. Its main function is phagocytosis. Involved in allergic reactions.
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
white pulp of splenic tissue, which is made up of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and granulocytes, it surrounds the central arteriole
phagotcytosis
the engulfment of cells or particulate matter by neutrophils, macrophages, and other cells
plasma cells
a differentiated B cells that actively secretes antibody’s.
primary follicle
a cluster of B cells that have not yet been stimulated by antigen
primary lymphoid organs
the organs in which lymphocytes mature: these are bone marrow and the thymus
secondary follicle
a cluster of cells that are proliferating in response to specific antigen. Has germinal center And stimulated B cells
secondary lymphoid organs
organs that include the spleen, lymph nodes, appendix. tonsils and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue where the main contact with foreign antigens takes place
spleen
The largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. it function is to filter out aged cells and foreign antigens
T lymphocytes
cells that mature in the thymus which play important roles in cell-mediated immunity and produce cytokines that assist the humoral immune response
thymocyte
immature lymphocytes, found in the thymus, that undergoes differentiation to become a mature T cells
acute-phase reactants
normal serum proteins that increase rapidly because of infection, injury or trauma to the tissue
thymus
serves as the site for differentiation of T cells
alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT)
an acute-phase protein that acts as an inhibitor of proteases released from WBC
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
the process of destroying antibody-coated target cells by natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils, all of which have specific receptors for an antibody
ceruloplasmin
an acute-phase reactant that acts as the principal copper transporting protein in human plasma
chemotaxis
the migration of cells in the direction of a chemical messenger
complement
a series of proteins that are normally present in serum and whose overall functions are medication of inflammation and destruction of foreign cells
c-reactive protein (CRP)
a trace of constituent of serum that increases rapidly following infection or trauma to the body and acts as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis
defensins
small catonic proteins that, which released from lysosomal granules, can kill bacteria and many fungi by destroying their cell walls