1030 Unit 3 Flashcards
macroscopic screening of urine specimen is used to what?
increase cost-effectiveness of urinalysis
variations in the microscopic analysis of urine include what?
–preparation of urine sediment
–amount of sediment analyzed
–method of reporting
what can cause false negative microscopic results?
–braking the centrifuge
–failing to mix the specimen
–diluting alkaline urine
what are the two factors that determine relative centrifugal force?
–diameter of rotator head
–RPM
when using the glass-slide and cover-slip method, what might be missed if the coverslip is overflowed?
casts
initial screening of the urine sediment is performed using what objective power?
10x
what should be used to reduce light intensity in bright-field microscopy?
rheostat
which of the following are reported as number per lpf?
A. RBCs
B. WBCs
C. Crystals
D. Casts
casts
The Sternheimer-Malbin stain is added to urine sediments to do what?
–increase visibility of sediment constituents
–change the constituents refractive index
–delineate constituents structures
Nuclear can be enhanced by what?
–toluidine blue
–acetic acid
what lipids are stained by sudan III?
–Neutral fats
–triglycerides
what lipids are capable of polarizing light?
cholesterol
What is the Hansel stain identify?
eosinophils
crenated RBCs are seen in urine that is what?
hypersythenuric
Differentiation among RBCs, yeast, and oil droplets may be accomplished by what?
lysis of yeast cells by acetic acid
what does dysmorphic RBCs indicate?
glomerular bleeding
leukocytes that stain pale blue with Sernheimer-Malbin stain and exhibit brownian movement are what?
glitter cells
sometimes mononuclear leukocytes are mistaken for what?
RTE cells
when pyuria is detected in a urine sediment, the slide should be checked for the presence of what?
bacteria
transitional epithelial cells are sloughed from the what?
bladder
the largest cells in urine sediment are what?
squamous epithelial cells
what make a squamous epithelial cell clinical significant?
clue cell
forms of transitional epithelial cells include what?
convoluted
increased transitional cells indicate what?
–catheterization
–malignancy
what is a primary characteristic used to identify renal tubular epithelial cells?
eccentrically located nucleated
After an episode of hemoglobinuria, RTE cells may contain what?
hemosiderin granules
the predecessor of the oval fat body is what?
Renal tubular cell (RTE cell)
a structure believed to be an oval fat body produced a Maltese cross formation under polarized light but does not stain with Sudan III. What is this structure?
cholesterol
the finding of yeast cells in the urine is commonly associated with what?
diabetes mellitus
what is the primary component of urinary mucus?
uromodulin
where are majority of casts formed?
DCT
cylindruria refers to the presence of what?
all type of casts
a person submitting a urine specimen after a strenuous exercise routine normally can have what components?
WBC casts
before identifying an RBC cast, what should be observed?
–free-floating RBCs
–intact RBCs in the cast matrix
–a positive reagent strip blood reaction
what are WBC primarily associated with?
pyelonephritis
what is the shape of RTE cells associated with RTE casts primarily?
round
when observing RTE casts, the cells are primarily what?
attached to the surface of a matrix
the presence of fatty casts is associated with what?
–nephrotic syndrome
–crush injuries
–diabetes mellitus
what do nonpathogenic granular casts contain?
cellular lysosomes
what are some characteristics of waxy casts?
–represent extreme urine stasis
–may have a brittle consistency
–contain degenerated granules
what does observation of broad casts represents what?
–destruction of tubular walls
–formation in the collecting ducts
what contributes to urinary crystal formations?
–pH
–solute concentration
–temperature
the most valuable initial aid for identifying crystals in a urine specimen is what?
pH
what are crystals associated with severe liver disease?
–tyrosine
–bilirubin
–leucine
what are some crystals that routinely polarize?
cystine
casts and fibers usually can be differentiated using what?
polarized light
what crystal is described as “envelopes” in acidic urine?
calcium oxalate dihydrate
what crystal is described as “yellow-brown; whetstone” in acidic urine?
uric acid
what crystal is described as “pink sediment in acidic urine?”
amorphous urates
what crystal is described as “ovoid” in acidic urine?
calcium oxalate monohydrate
what crystal is described as “coffin lids” in alkaline urine?
triple phosphate
what crystal is described as “ white precipitate” in alkaline urine?
amorphous phosphate
what crystal is describe as “thin prisms” in alkaline urine?
calcium phosphate
what crystal is described as “thorny apples” in alkaline urine?
ammonium biurate
what crystal is described as “dumbbell shape” in alkaline urine?
calcium carbonate
what abnormal crystal is described as “ hexagonal plates”?
cystine
what abnormal crystal is described as “fine needles seen in liver disease”?
tyrosine
what abnormal crystal is described as “notched corners”?
cholesterol
what abnormal crystal is described as “concentric circles, radial striations”?
leucine
what abnormal crystal is described as “bundles after refrigeration”?
ampicillin
what abnormal crystal is described as “flat plates; high specificity gravity”?
radiographic dye
what abnormal crystal is described as “bright yellow clumps”?
bilirubin
what type of microscope would be described as “low-refractive-index objects may be overlooked”?
bright field
what type of microscope would be described as “forms halo of light around object”?
phase
what type of microscope would be described as “object split light into tow beams”?
polarized
what type of microscope would be described as “indirect light is reflected off the object”?
dark-field
what type of microscope would be described as “detect specific wavelengths of light emitted from objects”?
fluorescent
what type of microscope would be described as “3D images”?
interference contrast
list physical and chemical parameters included in microscopic urine screening?
–color
–clarity
–blood
–nitrite
–protein
–leukocyte esterase
–glucose
what is the significance of color in microscopic urine screenig?
RBC