10.2 The 5 Kingdoms Flashcards
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Prokaryotae
Protoctists
Fungi
Plantae (Plants)
Animalia (Animals)
What is meant by autotrophic?
Organisms that acquire nutrients by photosynthesis, make their own organic molecules
What is meant by heterotrophic?
Organisms that acquire nutrients by ingestion of other organisms
What is meant by saprotrophic?
Organisms that acquire nutrients by absorption, mainly decaying material
Which is the 5 kingdoms are prokaryotes?
Prokaryotae
Which is the 5 kingdoms are eukaryotes?
Protoctists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the general features of prokaryotae?
-unicellular
-no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles, a ring of ‘naked DNA’, small ribosomes
-cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-no visible feeding mechanism, nutrients absorbed through cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis
eg. Bacillus antharacis, Escherichia coli
What are the general features of protoctists?
-mainly unicellular
-a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
-some have cell walls, some don’t
-some have chloroplasts
-some are sessile, others move by flagella, cilia or amoeboid mechanisms
-nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic), and ingestion of other organisms (heterotrophic). or both
eg. Paramecium, Amoeba
What are the general features of fungi?
-uni or multicellular
-a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
-cell wall made of chitin
-no chloroplast or chlorophyll
-no mechanisms for locomotion
-nutrients acquired by absorption, mainly from decaying material (saprophytic)
-most store their food as glycogen
eg. yeast, mushrooms, moulds
What are the general features of plantae?
-multicellular
-a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles including chloroplast
-cell wall composed of cellulose
-most do not move, but gametes of some plants move by flagella or cilia
-nutrients acquired by photosynthesis, make their own food (autotrophic)
-store food as starch
eg. roses, trees, grasses
What are the general features of animalia?
-multicellular
-a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
-no cell walls
-no chloroplasts
-move with aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins, sometimes in the form of muscular organs
-nutrients are acquired by injection (heterotrophic)
-food stored as glycogen
eg. cats, reptiles, insects, birds
What are recent changes to classification systems?
-3 domain system by Carl Wose
-Orgnaims classified into 3 domains and 6 kingdoms
-3 domains; eukarya, archea, bacteria
-Instead of 5 kingdoms, Prokaryote kingdom is now split into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Who created the 3 domain system?
Carl Wose
What are the 3 domains?
Eurkarya, Archea, Bacteria
Why is Carl Woese’s 3 domain, 6 kingdom system better?
-Fits better with phylogeny
-There are key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-There are also key differences between bacteria and archea, bacteria are true bacteria (eubacteria) which can photosynthesise, archea are primitive forms of bacteria, often extremophiles (live in extremely harsh environments eg. pH, salt, temp, pollution)
What did Carl Woese use as evidence for his 3 domain system?
-Difference in deduces of nucleotides of the cells rRNA, ribosomes
What are the new kingdoms?
Instead of prokaryote, now there is Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
What is the difference in the 3 domains?
Eurkarya - 80s ribosomes, RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
Archea - 70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase contains between 8 and 10 proteins
Bacteria - 70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
In Carl Wose’s system what are the 6 kingdoms?
Eubacteria, Archae-Bactiera, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Which domain does each kingdom fall into in Carl Woses’s system?
What are the features of Archeabacteria?
-Can live in extremely environments, including hot thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, highly acidic environments
What are the features of Eubacteria?
-Known as true bacteria
-Found in all environments
-Most bacteria in this kingdom
