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Respiratory > 102 > Flashcards

102 Flashcards

1
Q

What receptors does epinephrine stimulate?

A

α and β receptors

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2
Q

How long does the bronchodilation effect of epinephrine last?

A

60–90 minutes

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3
Q

Which β receptors does isoproterenol stimulate?

A

β1 and β2

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4
Q

Why is isoproterenol rarely used for asthma?

A

Due to side effects like tachycardia and arrhythmias

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5
Q

Name three ultra-long-acting beta agonists with bronchodilation effects lasting ≥24 hours.

A

Indacaterol, olodaterol, vilanterol

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6
Q

What is the duration of action for ipratropium bromide (SAMA)?

A

4 to 8 hours

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7
Q

How long does it take for ipratropium bromide to achieve bronchodilation?

A

15 minutes

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8
Q

Name three long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA).

A

Tiotropium, glycopyrronium, umeclidinium

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antimuscarinic drugs?

A

Inhibit acetylcholine at M3 receptors

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10
Q

What are two effects of blocking M3 receptors?

A

Blocks airway smooth muscle contraction, decreases mucus secretion

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11
Q

Are antimuscarinic drugs more effective than β-agonists in asthma?

A

No

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12
Q

When is ipratropium used in chronic asthma?

A

As an alternative reliever for β-agonist side effects

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13
Q

What is a common use for LAMA in asthma?

A

As a controller, added to ICS-LABA therapy

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14
Q

What are two systemic side effects of antimuscarinic drugs?

A

Dry mouth and bitter taste

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15
Q

What adverse effect is associated with nebulized ipratropium via a mask?

A

Worse glaucoma

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16
Q

What is COPD characterized by?

A

Chronic respiratory symptoms and persistent airflow obstruction

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17
Q

What causes abnormalities in COPD?

A

Abnormalities in airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and alveoli (emphysema)

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18
Q

Is lung function in COPD largely fixed or reversible?

A

Largely fixed, but partially reversible by bronchodilators

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of COPD?

A

Tobacco smoking

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20
Q

Name three bronchodilators used to treat COPD.

A

SABA, LAMA, LABA

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21
Q

Which medication is used for patients with high blood eosinophils in COPD?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids

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22
Q

What is roflumilast, and its use in COPD?

A

Oral PDE-4 inhibitor

23
Q

Name three supportive therapies for COPD.

A

Antibiotics, mucolytics, oxygen

24
Q

What is the primary function of the cough reflex?

A

Expel foreign material and excess secretions from the respiratory tract

25
Q

What are the five parts of the cough reflex arc?

A

Cough receptors, afferent nerves, brainstem cough center, efferent nerves, effector organs

26
Q

Name two types of cough based on the nature of sputum.

A

Productive (wet) and Non-productive (dry)

27
Q

How is cough classified based on duration?

A

Acute (<3 weeks), Sub-acute (3-8 weeks), Chronic (>8 weeks)

28
Q

Name three common causes of chronic cough.

A

COPD, asthma, GERD

29
Q

Name two types of drugs used to treat cough.

A

Antitussives, mucolytics

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antitussives?

A

Inhibit cough through central or peripheral mechanisms

31
Q

Name two centrally acting narcotic antitussives.

A

Codeine, morphine

32
Q

What is a common side effect of narcotic antitussives?

A

Addiction, respiratory depression, nausea

33
Q

Name a centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive.

A

Dextromethorphan

34
Q

What is a peripheral antitussive that acts as a local anesthetic?

A

Benzonatate

35
Q

What are demulcents, and how do they act as antitussives?

A

Soothing agents that reduce afferent impulses from irritated mucosa

36
Q

What is the function of expectorants?

A

Increase mucus volume and decrease adhesivity for easier expulsion

37
Q

Name two expectorants.

A

Guaifenesin, ammonium chloride

38
Q

Front

A

Back

39
Q

What are the main symptoms of rhinitis?

A

Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea (runny nose), sneezing, and itching (pruritus).

40
Q

What are the three distinct subgroups of rhinitis?

A

Allergic rhinitis (AR), Infectious rhinitis, and Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR).

41
Q

What are the subgroups of Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR)?

A
  1. Drug-induced rhinitis
  2. Hormone-induced rhinitis
  3. Senile rhinitis
  4. Gustatory rhinitis
  5. Occupational rhinitis
  6. Idiopathic rhinitis
  7. Atrophic rhinitis
42
Q

What does optimal management of rhinitis involve?

A

Patient education, environmental controls, trigger avoidance, and pharmacotherapy.

43
Q

What are examples of intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) for rhinitis?

A

Beclomethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone.

44
Q

Which H1-antihistamines are used for rhinitis, and which generation is preferred?

A

Oral loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine; second-generation antihistamines are preferred.

45
Q

What are examples of intranasal H1-antihistamines?

A

Azelastine and olopatadine.

46
Q

How do H1-antihistamines work for rhinitis?

A

They antagonize the H1 receptor, reducing symptoms, but have a mild effect on nasal congestion.

47
Q

What is the role of leukotriene receptor antagonists in rhinitis?

A

Montelukast is used for symptom relief.

48
Q

Which medication is used intranasally for rhinorrhea?

A

Ipratropium.

49
Q

What is the mechanism of action for decongestants in rhinitis?

A

They are α-sympathomimetics that act as vasoconstrictors, relieving mucosal swelling.

50
Q

What are examples of oral decongestants for rhinitis?

A

Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.

51
Q

What are examples of intranasal decongestants for rhinitis?

A

Phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline.

52
Q

What is a potential side effect of prolonged use of intranasal decongestants?

A

Rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa).

53
Q

What additional therapies can be used for rhinitis?

A

Nasal irrigation with saline or hypertonic saline.

Respiratory (4 decks)

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