102

Question 1

What receptors does epinephrine stimulate?

Answer 1

α and β receptors

Question 2

How long does the bronchodilation effect of epinephrine last?

Answer 2

60–90 minutes

Question 3

Which β receptors does isoproterenol stimulate?

Answer 3

β1 and β2

Question 4

Why is isoproterenol rarely used for asthma?

Answer 4

Due to side effects like tachycardia and arrhythmias

Question 5

Name three ultra-long-acting beta agonists with bronchodilation effects lasting ≥24 hours.

Answer 5

Indacaterol, olodaterol, vilanterol

Question 6

What is the duration of action for ipratropium bromide (SAMA)?

Answer 6

4 to 8 hours

Question 7

How long does it take for ipratropium bromide to achieve bronchodilation?

Answer 7

15 minutes

Question 8

Name three long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA).

Answer 8

Tiotropium, glycopyrronium, umeclidinium

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action of antimuscarinic drugs?

Answer 9

Inhibit acetylcholine at M3 receptors

Question 10

What are two effects of blocking M3 receptors?

Answer 10

Blocks airway smooth muscle contraction, decreases mucus secretion

Question 11

Are antimuscarinic drugs more effective than β-agonists in asthma?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

When is ipratropium used in chronic asthma?

Answer 12

As an alternative reliever for β-agonist side effects

Question 13

What is a common use for LAMA in asthma?

Answer 13

As a controller, added to ICS-LABA therapy

Question 14

What are two systemic side effects of antimuscarinic drugs?

Answer 14

Dry mouth and bitter taste

Question 15

What adverse effect is associated with nebulized ipratropium via a mask?

Answer 15

Worse glaucoma

Question 16

What is COPD characterized by?

Answer 16

Chronic respiratory symptoms and persistent airflow obstruction

Question 17

What causes abnormalities in COPD?

Answer 17

Abnormalities in airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and alveoli (emphysema)

Question 18

Is lung function in COPD largely fixed or reversible?

Answer 18

Largely fixed, but partially reversible by bronchodilators

Question 19

What is the most common cause of COPD?

Answer 19

Tobacco smoking

Question 20

Name three bronchodilators used to treat COPD.

Answer 20

SABA, LAMA, LABA

Question 21

Which medication is used for patients with high blood eosinophils in COPD?

Answer 21

Inhaled corticosteroids

Question 22

What is roflumilast, and its use in COPD?

Answer 22

Oral PDE-4 inhibitor

Question 23

Name three supportive therapies for COPD.

Answer 23

Antibiotics, mucolytics, oxygen

Question 24

What is the primary function of the cough reflex?

Answer 24

Expel foreign material and excess secretions from the respiratory tract

Question 25

What are the five parts of the cough reflex arc?

Answer 25

Cough receptors, afferent nerves, brainstem cough center, efferent nerves, effector organs

Question 26

Name two types of cough based on the nature of sputum.

Answer 26

Productive (wet) and Non-productive (dry)

Question 27

How is cough classified based on duration?

Answer 27

Acute (<3 weeks), Sub-acute (3-8 weeks), Chronic (>8 weeks)

Question 28

Name three common causes of chronic cough.

Answer 28

COPD, asthma, GERD

Question 29

Name two types of drugs used to treat cough.

Answer 29

Antitussives, mucolytics

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of antitussives?

Answer 30

Inhibit cough through central or peripheral mechanisms

Question 31

Name two centrally acting narcotic antitussives.

Answer 31

Codeine, morphine

Question 32

What is a common side effect of narcotic antitussives?

Answer 32

Addiction, respiratory depression, nausea

Question 33

Name a centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive.

Answer 33

Dextromethorphan

Question 34

What is a peripheral antitussive that acts as a local anesthetic?

Answer 34

Benzonatate

Question 35

What are demulcents, and how do they act as antitussives?

Answer 35

Soothing agents that reduce afferent impulses from irritated mucosa

Question 36

What is the function of expectorants?

Answer 36

Increase mucus volume and decrease adhesivity for easier expulsion

Question 37

Name two expectorants.

Answer 37

Guaifenesin, ammonium chloride

Question 38

Front

Answer 38

Back

Question 39

What are the main symptoms of rhinitis?

Answer 39

Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea (runny nose), sneezing, and itching (pruritus).

Question 40

What are the three distinct subgroups of rhinitis?

Answer 40

Allergic rhinitis (AR), Infectious rhinitis, and Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR).

Question 41

What are the subgroups of Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR)?

Answer 41

1. Drug-induced rhinitis 2. Hormone-induced rhinitis 3. Senile rhinitis 4. Gustatory rhinitis 5. Occupational rhinitis 6. Idiopathic rhinitis 7. Atrophic rhinitis

Question 42

What does optimal management of rhinitis involve?

Answer 42

Patient education, environmental controls, trigger avoidance, and pharmacotherapy.

Question 43

What are examples of intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) for rhinitis?

Answer 43

Beclomethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone.

Question 44

Which H1-antihistamines are used for rhinitis, and which generation is preferred?

Answer 44

Oral loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine; second-generation antihistamines are preferred.

Question 45

What are examples of intranasal H1-antihistamines?

Answer 45

Azelastine and olopatadine.

Question 46

How do H1-antihistamines work for rhinitis?

Answer 46

They antagonize the H1 receptor, reducing symptoms, but have a mild effect on nasal congestion.

Question 47

What is the role of leukotriene receptor antagonists in rhinitis?

Answer 47

Montelukast is used for symptom relief.

Question 48

Which medication is used intranasally for rhinorrhea?

Answer 48

Ipratropium.

Question 49

What is the mechanism of action for decongestants in rhinitis?

Answer 49

They are α-sympathomimetics that act as vasoconstrictors, relieving mucosal swelling.

Question 50

What are examples of oral decongestants for rhinitis?

Answer 50

Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.

Question 51

What are examples of intranasal decongestants for rhinitis?

Answer 51

Phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline.

Question 52

What is a potential side effect of prolonged use of intranasal decongestants?

Answer 52

Rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa).

Question 53

What additional therapies can be used for rhinitis?

Answer 53

Nasal irrigation with saline or hypertonic saline.