101 Flashcards
Front
Back
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What are common triggers of asthma inflammation?
Inhaled allergens, viruses, and air pollutants.
What structural changes occur in asthma?
Airway remodeling, leading to persistent airflow obstruction.
What are the main routes of asthma drug administration?
Inhalation, oral, and parenteral.
What are examples of inhalation devices?
Metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers.
What is the advantage of inhalation therapy?
Direct delivery to lungs with reduced systemic side effects.
What are short-acting beta agonists (SABA)?
Rapid bronchodilators lasting 3–4 hours (e.g., albuterol).
What are long-acting beta agonists (LABA)?
Bronchodilators lasting 12 hours (e.g., formoterol, salmeterol).
What are ultra-long-acting beta agonists?
Bronchodilators lasting ≥24 hours (e.g., indacaterol, vilanterol).
Why are LABAs not used as monotherapy in asthma?
Risk of asthma-related death; used with inhaled corticosteroids.
What are antimuscarinic drugs used for?
Alternative relievers for patients intolerant to beta agonists.
What is the mechanism of action of theophylline?
Inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscles.
What is the preferred controller therapy for asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).
What are examples of inhaled corticosteroids?
Fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone.