101 Flashcards
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What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What are common triggers of asthma inflammation?
Inhaled allergens, viruses, and air pollutants.
What structural changes occur in asthma?
Airway remodeling, leading to persistent airflow obstruction.
What are the main routes of asthma drug administration?
Inhalation, oral, and parenteral.
What are examples of inhalation devices?
Metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers.
What is the advantage of inhalation therapy?
Direct delivery to lungs with reduced systemic side effects.
What are short-acting beta agonists (SABA)?
Rapid bronchodilators lasting 3–4 hours (e.g., albuterol).
What are long-acting beta agonists (LABA)?
Bronchodilators lasting 12 hours (e.g., formoterol, salmeterol).
What are ultra-long-acting beta agonists?
Bronchodilators lasting ≥24 hours (e.g., indacaterol, vilanterol).
Why are LABAs not used as monotherapy in asthma?
Risk of asthma-related death; used with inhaled corticosteroids.
What are antimuscarinic drugs used for?
Alternative relievers for patients intolerant to beta agonists.
What is the mechanism of action of theophylline?
Inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscles.
What is the preferred controller therapy for asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).
What are examples of inhaled corticosteroids?
Fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone.
What are side effects of inhaled corticosteroids?
Oropharyngeal candidiasis and hoarseness.
When are systemic corticosteroids used in asthma?
For severe asthma or exacerbations.
What are leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)?
Oral drugs like montelukast and zafirlukast blocking leukotriene receptors.
What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in asthma?
Target specific pathways in severe asthma phenotypes.
What is omalizumab used for?
Uncontrolled severe allergic asthma.
What does mepolizumab target?
IL-5, reducing eosinophil activity in asthma.
What characterizes COPD?
Persistent, progressive airflow obstruction.
What is the main cause of COPD?
Tobacco smoking.
What drugs are used in COPD management?
SABA, LAMA, LABA, inhaled corticosteroids, and theophylline.
What is a non-productive cough?
A dry cough without mucus.
What is a productive cough?
A wet cough producing mucus.
What is the role of antitussives?
Suppress cough reflex.
What are examples of mucolytics?
N-acetylcysteine, carbocysteine, and dornase alfa.
What are the symptoms of rhinitis?
Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching.
What are intranasal corticosteroids used for?
Controlling all symptoms of rhinitis.
What is rhinitis medicamentosa?
Rebound nasal congestion from overuse of decongestants.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness.
What causes asthma exacerbations?
Acute-on-chronic worsening of symptoms with progressive airflow obstruction.
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic, non-allergic, adult-onset, and asthma with obesity.
What is allergic asthma?
Asthma triggered by allergens, often with a family history of allergies.
What is non-allergic asthma?
Asthma not associated with allergens.
What is adult-onset asthma?
Asthma that begins in adulthood, often in women.
What is asthma with obesity?
Asthma associated with obesity, potentially worsening symptoms.
What are the two main inflammation subtypes in asthma?
Type-2 high and Type-2 low inflammation.
What drives Type-2 high asthma?
Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by T-helper 2 and innate lymphoid cells.
What characterizes asthma?
Chronic airway disorder with reversible obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
