1011 Flashcards
Front (Question)
Back (Answer)
What are the main phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic asthma (childhood onset, triggered by allergens), Non-allergic asthma, Adult-onset asthma (late-onset, often in women), Asthma with obesity.
What are the two subtypes of asthma inflammation?
Type-2 high (driven by Th2 and ILC2 cells, producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and Type-2 low.
What are Short-acting Beta Agonists (SABA)?
Examples: Albuterol (Salbutamol), Pirbuterol, Terbutaline. Bronchodilation lasts 3–4 hours. Onset: 5–10 minutes.
What are Long-acting Beta Agonists (LABA)?
Examples: Formoterol (onset: 5 mins), Salmeterol (onset: ~20 mins). Duration: 12 hours. Must combine with ICS.
What is the MOA of Beta-2 agonists?
Increase cAMP → inhibit calcium release → relax airway smooth muscle. Inhibit mast cell mediator release and reduce microvascular leakage.
What is a common side effect of Beta-2 agonists?
Skeletal muscle tremor, Hypokalemia, Palpitations.
What is the MOA of antimuscarinic drugs in asthma?
Block M3 receptors → inhibit smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. Less effective than Beta-agonists.
What are examples of Antimuscarinic drugs?
SAMA: Ipratropium (onset: 15 mins, duration: 4–8 hours). LAMA: Tiotropium, Umeclidinium (duration: 24 hours).
What is Theophylline, and how does it work?
A methylxanthine: Inhibits phosphodiesterase (↑cAMP → relax smooth muscle) and antagonizes adenosine receptors.
What are side effects of Theophylline at high plasma levels?
> 40 mg/L: Seizures, Arrhythmias, Vomiting, Abdominal pain. Narrow therapeutic index (10–20 mg/L).
What is the MOA of corticosteroids in asthma?
Binds glucocorticoid receptors → downregulates inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-4, IL-5) and upregulates anti-inflammatory mediators.
What are examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS)?
Fluticasone, Budesonide, Beclomethasone, Mometasone.
What are side effects of inhaled corticosteroids?
Oropharyngeal candidiasis, Hoarseness. Long-term use: increased systemic effects.
What are Cromolyn and Nedocromil, and what is their use?
Mast cell stabilizers. Used for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and chronic asthma.
What is the MOA of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs)?
Block CysLT1 receptors to prevent bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and inflammation.
Name two LTRAs and their uses.
Montelukast, Zafirlukast: Used for chronic asthma control and prevention of exercise- or aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction.
What is Zileuton, and how does it work?
A lipoxygenase inhibitor: Prevents leukotriene synthesis.
What is Omalizumab, and how does it work?
Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody: Binds free IgE, reducing its binding to mast cells and subsequent mediator release.
What are Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies?
Mepolizumab, Reslizumab: Block IL-5 to reduce eosinophil activation and inflammation.
What is Roflumilast, and what is its use?
A PDE-4 inhibitor: Reduces inflammation in COPD.
What are mucolytics used for?
Reduce mucus viscosity. Examples: N-acetylcysteine, Dornase alfa.
What are expectorants, and give an example.
Promote mucus expulsion by increasing volume and reducing adhesivity. Example: Guaifenesin.
What are the types of rhinitis?
Allergic, Infectious, and Non-allergic (e.g., drug-induced, hormone-induced).
What are intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) used for?
Controlling rhinitis symptoms. Examples: Fluticasone, Budesonide.
What are decongestants, and how do they work?
Alpha-sympathomimetics: Vasoconstrict nasal blood vessels, relieving congestion. Examples: Pseudoephedrine, Oxymetazoline.
What are antitussives, and give examples.
Suppress cough reflex. Central: Dextromethorphan, Benzonatate (local anesthetic).
