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Biology > 10.2 & 10.3 - The Human Digestive System & Disorders > Flashcards

10.2 & 10.3 - The Human Digestive System & Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four stages of Digestion?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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2
Q

What is the length of the alimentary canal?

A

Adult humans have a digestive tract that ranges from 6.5m to 9m.

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3
Q

When does ingestion start?

A

It starts when food is put into the mouth.

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4
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion begins

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5
Q

What is Mastciation and Bolus?

A

Mastication means being ground down on the teeth.

Bolus is food that is moulded and smoothened into a soft mass by the tounge?

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6
Q

What is Saliva and what does it do?

A

It is a watery secretion in the mouth that begins the digestive process.

  • It lubricates food for swallowing.
  • Dissolves particles & makes food tasting possible
  • Dissolved particles penetrate cells of taste buds on tongue and cheeks.
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7
Q

What is the enzyme in saliva?

A

Salivary Amylase and it digests starch (complex carbohydrate)

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8
Q

What are the three salivary glands in the mouth?

A
  1. Parotid (Ahead of the ear)
  2. Sublingual Gland (Under the tounge)
  3. Submadibular Gland (Submadibular Gland)
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9
Q

What is the Esopahgus?

A

Esophagus – muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

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10
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

A wave-like series of muscular contractions in the esophagus.

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11
Q

Where does peristalisis occur?

A

Peristalsis occurs in the esophagus, stomach, and all parts of the intestines.

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12
Q

What aids in swallowing and keeping the esophagus moist?

A

Glands in the lining of the esophagus that produce mucus.

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13
Q

What are sphicters?

A

They regulate movement of food into and out of the stomach.

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14
Q

What is the Cardiac Sphicter?

A

It’s relaxing allows food to enter the stomach and contraction prevents HCL entering the esophagus.

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15
Q

What is the Pyloric sphincter?

A

Allows food to exit stomach (enter duodenum)

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16
Q

What is capacity of the stomach?

A

The stomach has a capacity of 1.5L.

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17
Q

What is Rugae?

A

Stomach walls are folded, allows for expansion when full

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18
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Digest food mechanically and chemcially.

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19
Q

How many layers of the stomach exist?

A

There are 3 layers of the stomach.

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20
Q

What is peristalisis in stomach called?

A

Churning

21
Q

What are Gastric Juices?

A

A mixture of hydrochloric acid, salts, enzymes, water, and mucus that is produced by glands in the stomach to help digest food.

22
Q

What protects the cells in the stomach?

A

Alkaline mucus protects stomach lining from being digested by gastric juices.

23
Q

What does HCL do in the stomach?

A
  1. It kills harmful bacteria.
  2. Converts (inactive) Pepsinogen into Pepsin (active).
  3. Makes the pH of the chyme to 2.0 and 3.0
24
Q

What are digestive enzymes?

A

They help break down food substances into forms that can be absorbed and used by the body.

25
Q

Where are they digestive enzymes secreted?

A
  1. In the mouth
  2. In the stomach
  3. In the liver
  4. In the pancreas
26
Q

*

What is the types Amylase and what does it do?

A
  1. Two Amylases: Salivary and Pancreatic
  2. They breakdown in starches (complex carbs).
27
Q

What does Lipase do?

A

Lipase is secreted by the pancreas and digests lipids (fats).

28
Q

What is proteases and what do they do?

A
  1. Pepsin: It breaks down protiens in the stomach where it is secreted.
  2. Trypsin: It breaks down protiens in the small interstine and is secreted in the pancreas.
  3. Chymotrypsin:It breaks down proteins in the small interstine and is secreted in the pancreas.
29
Q

What is the length of the small interstine?

A

It is up to 7m in length, 2.5cm in diameter

30
Q

*

What are the different parts of the small interstine?

A

Three distinct parts:
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

31
Q

What are Villi?

A

They are finger like projections lining the surface of the small intestine that increase the surface area to improve the absorption of nutrients.

32
Q

What is the Liver?

A

Largest Internal Organ 1.5 kgs

Secretes Bile :
*Greenish Yellow Liquid
*Helps digests fats
*Green colour due to the destruction of old RBC’s

33
Q

*

What does the Pancrea do?

A
  1. Secretes 1L of pancreatic fluid daily.
  2. Produces Enzymes to digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
  3. Bicarbonate
34
Q

What does Bicarbonate do?

A

Bicarbonate helps to regulate enzyme function and pH in duodenum.

35
Q

Properties of the Duodenum?

A
  • First 25 – 30 cm
  • Not mucus lined (cannot handle stomach acids)
  • Liver and pancreatic secretions bring pH up to between 5-6
36
Q

Properties of the Jejunum

A
  • Next 2.5m
  • Contains lots of folds of the inner wall
  • Breaks down remaining proteins and carbohydrates
  • pH between 7 – 9
37
Q

Properties of the Illium

A
  • Last 3m
  • Contains fewer and smaller villi than duodenum or jejunum
  • Function is to absorb nutrients, as well as to push remaining undigested material into large intestine
  • pH between 7-9
38
Q

Properties of the Large Interstine?

A
  • Also known as colon
  • Absorb water from alimentary canal
  • About 90% of H2O is absorbed back into the blood
  • Volume of indigestible food mostly (indigestible plant matter) is reduced by about 2/3
  • Three sections:
    *Ascending
    *Transverse
    *Descending
  • Billions of anerobic bacteria
39
Q

What are Ulcers?

A

Defination: A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum (‘hole’ in the mucus layer and (if advanced) even the tissue layers below the mucus. This is called a perforation.)

Symtoms: Pain, bloating, nausea, bleeding

Cause: Helicobacter pylori (bacteria), aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen (not Tylenol).

40
Q

What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

A

Defination: Inflammation in the small interstine.
Causes: Unknown, to send more immune and blood cells to that area.
Cure: None, NO highly fatty or processed foods and anti-inflamatory diseases such as Tylenol, Motrin, Aleve, Voltaran)

41
Q

*

What is the two types of IBD?

A
  1. Crohn’s disease: poor growth (usually during puberty which leads to smaller stature), thin bones, poor muscle development
  2. Ulcerative colitis: sores in colon (usually transverse and descending colon), loose and bloody stools, cramps, abdominal pain
42
Q

What is Constipation?

A

Defination: Infrequent bowel movements that are dry, small, and difficult.

Causes: lack of fibre, poor diet, lack of exercise, lack of water

43
Q

What is Hepatitis and Cirrhosis?

A

Hepatitis: inflammation of liver. Caused by a virus.
3 types:
A - contaminated water
B - sexual contact
C - infected blood

Cirrhosis: scar tissue in liver
Caused by chronic alcoholism and Hepatitis C, only cure is transplant

44
Q

What are Gall Stones?

A

Gall bladder stores bile
Cholesterol forms crystals in gall bladder
Caused by: obesity, alcohol, heredity
Treatment: medications, ultrashocks, surgical removal

45
Q

What is Diabetes?

A

Causes: Condition in which body is unable to use glucose for energy because not enough insulin is produced or if the body cannot use the insulin that the pancreas creates.

Treatment: Insulin injections using an insulin pump

46
Q

What is the 3 types of Diabetes:

A
  1. Type 1 - pancreas unable to produce insulin, usually in kids and young adults
  2. Type 2 - body makes inadequate insulin, or can’t use insulin, usually obese adults
  3. Gestational diabetes - during pregnancy – mother does not produce sufficient insulin for her body as well as for the fetus
47
Q

What do the following enzymes do:
1. Insulin
2. Glucogon
3. Salivary Amylase
4. Pancreatic Amylase
5. Bile
6. Carbohydrases
7. Lipase
8. Protease

A
  1. Maintains the blood sugar level in the body.
  2. Converts glycogen into glucose
  3. Break down starch in the oral cavity.
  4. Break down starch in the duodenum.
  5. Helps digest fat
  6. Turn carbohyrdates into it’s monomer form (glucose).
  7. Turn fats into it’s monomer form (glycerol and fatty acids).
  8. Turn protiens into it’smonomer form (amino acids).
48
Q

What is denaturing ?

A

It is the unfolding or breaking up of a protein

Biology (3 decks)

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