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Biology > 10.1 - Function of the Digestive System > Flashcards

10.1 - Function of the Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Macromolecules ?

A

Macromolecules are a very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.

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2
Q

What is Metabolism ?


A

Metabolism is the sum total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

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3
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

It is a nutrient that cannot be made by the body, and must therefore be obtained from food.

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4
Q

What is a Carbohydrate?

A
  1. They are the body’s most important source of energy. (Short & Long Term).
  2. They have two atoms of hydrogen and
    one atom of oxygen for every atom of carbon.
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5
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are a simple sugar with three to seven carbon atoms.

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6
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides.

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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7
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are a sugar made up of two monosaccharide molecules.

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8
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A
  1. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
  2. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
  3. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
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9
Q

What is the most common sugar
Found in all cells of your body?

A

Glucose

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10
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharide are a large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules.

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11
Q

Name 3 Polysaccharides.

A

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen,

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12
Q

How does dehydration synthesis occur?

A
  1. One monosaccharide loses a Hydroxide (OH) molecule and another loses a Hyrogen Atom (H).
  2. The two expeled molecule and atom combine to form water molecule and the monosaccharide bond together to form a Disaccharide.

This process is called dehydration systhesis because water is formed after it is extracted from the atom (Dehydration) and the two monosaccharides form a disaccharide (Synthesis).

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13
Q

What is a monomer and a polymer?

A
  1. Monomers are the simplest form of a nutirent like monosacchedies, amino acids.
  3. Polymers are disaccherdies and any other form that is not a monomer.
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14
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

It is a chemical reaction in which water breaks apart
macromolecules into smaller molecules.

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15
Q

What are Polysaccharides ?

A

Polysaccharides a large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules.

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16
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

It is a polysaccharide made up of multiple glucose units.

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17
Q

What is Amylose?

A

Amylose (starch) is made up of thousands of glucose molecules.

Starch is a storage molecule for plants.

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18
Q
  1. What is Cellulose?
  2. Where is found?
  3. What is it’s purpose in the human body?
A
  1. Cellulose is a molecule made up of many glucose molecules linked differently than in starch.
  2. It is a component of cell walls.
  3. It cannot be digested but it acts like a roughphage (fibres) to prevent constipation.
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19
Q

Where is Glycogen stored?

A

It is stored in the liver/muscle cells for daily use.

It is stored in in adipose cells in fat tissue for long term energy use.

20
Q

What happens when glucose in blood drops?

A

Glycogen is converted back to individual glucose units.

21
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

It regulates the blood sugar level in the body and tells when to deconstruct glucogen.

22
Q

What is Chitin?

A

Chitin form the external hard skeleton of insects and crustaceans and is also found in mushrooms.

23
Q

What are the three types of Lipids?

A
  1. Fats, Oils, Waxes (Store Energy)
  2. Phospholipids (form the membrane that separates a cell from its external environment.)
  3. Steroids (Helps build muscle)
24
Q

What are the properties of Lipids

A
  • Hard for the body to break down.
  • Lipids are insoluble in water.
  • Composed of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.
25
Q

Why are Lipids important?

A
  1. Lipids store 2.25 times more amount of energy than protiens and carbohydrates.
  2. They aid in the absorption of nutrients.
  3. Insulates the body and protects some delicate organs.
  4. They act as raw materials for synthesis of hormones and other chemicals.
  5. They are key component in cell membranes.
26
Q

What are Phospholipids ?

A

The main components of cell membranes.
It is composed of a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone.

27
Q

What are waxes?

A

They are insoluble in water, help coat plant leaves and fur (making them waterproof).

28
Q

What are Protiens?

A

They are used to perform cellular functions and synthesize cell structures.

29
Q

What the length of protiens?

A

They can wary from 8 to 4000 amino acids.

30
Q

What are protiens made up of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptides are protiens made up of many amino acids.

31
Q

Why does our body need amino acids?

A

Our bodies need amino acids to make proteins.

32
Q

Why does the genetic code of protiens be perfect?

A

Genetic code for a protein must be perfect to avoid any defects, which in turn can cause the protein to be non-functional.

33
Q

Why are enzymes essential?

A

Enzymes are essential for the proper functioning of our cells and they control the rate of our cellular reactions . They break down macromolecules using hydrolysis.

34
Q

What is macromolecule/polymer and polypetitde monomer?

A

Macromolecule/polymer is protiens and polypetitde monomer is amino acids.

35
Q

Name the protein for the following purposes:

  1. Providing structure and support for blood cells
  2. Providing structure and support for body tissues
  3. Aiding in muscle movements such as muscle contraction
  4. Acting as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells
  5. Providing immunity against infection and disease
    Transport ions in cell membranes
A
  1. Hemoglobin
  2. Collagen
  3. Actin and Myosin
  4. Enzymes
  5. Antibodies
  6. Transport Proteins
36
Q

What is a Peptide Bond?

A

Peptide Bonds holds together the amino acids in a protein

37
Q

What is Polypeptide?

A

Polypeptide is a linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

38
Q

What is Nucleic Acids?

A

They contain the organism’s genetic information and direct the organism’s growth.

39
Q

What breaks down the following:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

A
  1. Carbohydrase
  2. Lipase
  3. Protease
  4. Nuclease
40
Q

What do the following minerals do:
1. Calcium
2. Iron
3. Magnesium
4. Potassium
5. Sodium

A
  1. Forms bone, conducts nerve signals, contracts muscle, clotts blood
  2. Produces hemoglobin
  3. Supports enzyme functions, produces protein
  4. Conducts nerve signals, contracts muscle
  5. Conducts nerve signals, balances body fluid
41
Q

Name the different properties of vitamins

A

Vitamins are either fat soluble or water soluble

Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
* Not easily eliminated
* When taken in a multivitamin, must be taken with food

Water soluble: B, C
* Cannot be stored

42
Q

Name the following vitamins and explain what they do:
1. A
2. B1
3. C
4. D
5. E

A
  1. Carotene - Good vision; healthy skin and bones
  2. Thiamine - Metabolizing carbohydrates; growth and muscle tone
  3. Ascorbic acid -Healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels; boosting immune system
  4. Absorbing calcium; forming bone
  5. Strengthening red blood cell membranes
43
Q

What does water do in the body?

A
  1. Regulates different ions and molecules are important to the function of the body.
  2. Transports dissolved nutrients into cells that line the small intestine.
  3. Flush toxins from cells
  4. Lubricate tissues and joints
  5. Form essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus
  6. Regulate body temperature (by sweating)
  7. Eliminating waste materials (in urine - 1.5L and sweat - 1L)
44
Q

What are the stages of food processing?

A
  1. Ingestion - Taking in or eating of food.
  2. Digestion - Breaking down food mechanically (physically) and chemcial so that the cell sin the body can absorb it.
  3. Absorption - After digestion the absorbed food being sent to the rest of the body using the circulatory system.
  4. Elimination - The removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body.
45
Q

What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemcil digestion?

A

Mechanical Digestion - Chewing, muscular contractions/churning of stomach
Chemicial Digestion - break down of food: enzymes (macromolecules to smaller molecules)

46
Q

What is the Alimentary canal?

A

A tube through which food is processed, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus (aka digestive tract)

47
Q

Herbivore vs Carnivore Digestive Tract

A

Digestive tracts of herbivores are generally longer relative to body size as they need more time to digest cellulose as compared to carnivores.

Biology (3 decks)

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