1010 Final Review Flashcards
Symptoms of how you know Levodopa is wearing off?
Shuffling gait, tremor, poor coordination
Osteoblasts
Build bone cells.
Osteoclasts
Absorb bone cells.
How do you give dilated/phenytoins? What’s important to remember when administering?
IM is very irritating to the tissue and has erratic absorption so it must be IV or oral.
What is the mechanism of action for phenytoins?
Binds to sodium channel on nerve membranes and makes them less active.
Adverse effects of phenytoins?
Gum hyperplasia and abdominal discomfort.
Mechanism of action of carbamazepine?
Limits the spread of neuron excitation by altering the sodium channel of nerve membranes and slows/prevents re-firing of neurons.
Adverse reactions of carbamazepine?
GI distress
Ataxia
Pruritis
Rash
Weakness
Photo-sensitivity
Mechanism of action for ethosuximide?
Alters calcium channels on neuron membranes and reduces excitability.
Adverse reactions of ethosuximide?
Heartburn
Nausea/Vomiting
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Mechanism of action of phenobarbital?
Raises seizure threshold by enhances inhibition of neurotransmitter GABA causing CNS depression.
Adverse reactions of phenobarbital?
Drowsiness
Ataxia
Blurred vision
Mental status changes
Mechanism of action of valproic acid?
Raises seizure threshold by increasing activity of neurotransmitter GABA.
Adverse reactions of valproic acid?
Birth defects
Anemia
Luekopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Arrhythmia
Liver toxicity
Drugs that interact with anti-epileptics?
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Antimicrobial
Contraceptives
Cold medications
Aspirin
Diabetic drugs
Addison’s disease?
Low cortisol
Crushing’s disease
Excess cortisol
Medication given for hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine.
Passive vs. Active immunity?
Active immunity occurs when your body’s immune system protects you from a pathogen, while passive immunity occurs when you receive immunity from another source.
Preload? What increases preload?
Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
Increased by hypervolemia, HF, and regurgitation of cardiac valves.
Afterload? What increase afterload?
Resistance the left ventricles must overcome to circulate blood.
Increased by HTN and vasoconstriction.
How to diuretics affect preload and afterload?
They decrease preload by reducing the volume of blood returning to the heart.
Adverse effects of decongestants?
HTN
Palpations
Blurred vision
Tachycardia
Anxiety
Tremors
What typically happens to vital signs when afterload is decreased?
Decrease in BP.
What electrolytes are wasted when using diuretics?
K+
Na+
Ca+
What is SABA?
Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists, a bronchodilator.
Albuterol, always keep SABA with you at all times!
What do mucolytics do in someone who is diagnosed with COPD?
Thinning and loosening thick mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways, potentially reducing the frequency and severity of COPD exacerbation.
How do you store nitrates?
Room temperature in a dark container.
What is important to monitor after giving nitrates?
Hypotension
Headaches that will last a week
Nitrates mechanism of action?
Relaxes smooth muscle cells and dilates blood vessels.
Mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers?
Block calcium from entering the heart and causing contractions.
Adverse reactions of coronary artery perfusion medications?
Chest pain
SOB
GI distress
Flushing
Dizziness,
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Myocardial ischemia or MI
Mechanism of action of beta blockers?
Blocks the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) on the heart to slow heart rate.
Mechanism of action of statins?
Reduces the amount of cholesterol produced in the liver and reduces narrowing of arteries.
Mechanism of action of fibrinolytic drugs?
Convert plasminogen to the enzyme plasmin to break down clots.
Examples of a fibrinolytic drug?
Eminase
Retavase
Strepase
Adverse reactions of fibrinolytics?
Bleeding
Dysrhythmias
Hypotension
Cholesterol embolism
PE
What drugs shouldn’t be given with fibrinolytics?
Anticoagulants.
Examples of anticoagulants?
Heparin
Coumadin
Plavix
What is the antidote for heparin?
Protamine sulfate
What education is important to provide when giving a patient plavix?
Foods contains vitamin K can reduce effectiveness of this medication.
Mechanism of action of heparin?
Accelerating the rate of the neutralization of coagulation factors by antithrombin.
Mechanism of action of Coumadin?
Inhibiting the production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Mechanism of action of plavix?
Prevents blood platelets from clumping together.
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
A type of antibiotic that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
What is a tetracycline and penicillin drug interactions?
Contraceptives
Secondary Fungal Infection
A fungal infection that can occur after another infection.
Can children be given Pepto Bismol?
Never. Can cause Reye’s syndrome (Swelling in the liver).
Benzodiazepines, opioids, muscle relaxants, hypnotics effect on the CNS?
Suppress the central nervous system. Alcohol and CNS depressants both act to suppress brain activity, including the areas that control breathing. When combined, their effects are amplified, increasing the risk of severe respiratory depression and lead to overdose and death.
SSRI’s important patient teachings?
Suicidal idealizations
Side effects are temporary
Take 4 to 6 weeks to work
No grapefruit
ED
MAIO inhibitors dietary restrictions?
Avoid cured meat and cheeses(picnic) as it increases BP.
Lithium nursing interventions?
Must monitor electrolyte levels and renal function.
Tardive dyskinesia
A chronic condition that causes involuntary, repetitive movements in the body.
Parkinsonism
A general term for a group of neurological disorders that cause motor symptoms, such as tremors, rigidity, and slow movement.
Dystonia
Continuous spasms and muscle contractions.
Akathisia
Motor restlessness
Medications for numbing with a UTI?
AZO
Phenazopyridine
First pass effect
Partial metabolization in the hepatic system, drugs pass thru the liver up to 90% of drug is absorbed by the liver.
What bodily system effects the eliminations of drugs?
Hepatic
Renal
Idiosyncratic effect
An unusual or abnormal response to a substance or medication that is not normally seen in the general population.
Additive effect
The combined effect of two or more drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each drug acting individually
Synergistic effect
The combined effect of two or more different drugs is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug acting individually.
Drug reconciliation
The practice of comparing the patient’s drug orders to all of the drugs that the patient has been taking.
Three-legged stool of evidence based practice
Scientific evidence
Professional experiences
Patient experiences
What medications can not be given with glaucoma medications?
Beta 2 blockers
Common treatment for otitis media?
Antibiotics
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelets
Platelet aggregation
Platelets adhere to one another to form clots and stop bleeding.
SQ erthyropoietin monitoring?
Seizures
HTN
Hemoglobin
Thrombotic events
Febrile Neutropenia
Febrile neutropenia is a condition that occurs when a person has a fever and a low level of neutrophils in their blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that help fight infection, so having too few of them increases the risk of infection. Common with those taking cancer drugs!
