1002 Final Review Flashcards
What are the chambers of the heart?
The right and left atria in the top, and the right and left ventricles in the bottom. Each chamber has a valve that controls the direction of blood flow.
What are the valves of the heart?
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve
Tricuspid valve
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic valve
Located between the left atrium and the aorta
Major vessels of the heart?
Aorta, pulmonary vein, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava.
Aorta
The largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Superior vena cava
Carries oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
Inferior vena cava
Carries oxygen-poor blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
How does blood flow through the heart normally?
Superior/inferior vena cava > Right atrium > Tricupsid valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonary valve > Pulmonary artery > Pulmonary vein> Left atrium > Mitral Valve > Left ventricle > Aortic valve > Body.
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Modifiable, teaching points: high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity and poor nutrition.
Nonmodifiable: age, sex, family history and race.
Angina
A symptom of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, tightness, or burning in the chest, and can spread to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
Stable angina
The most common type of angina, where pain occurs in a pattern and is usually triggered by physical exertion or stress. Pain typically lasts a few minutes and can be relieved by rest or medicine.
Unstable angina
A more serious type of angina, where pain can be stronger or last longer than stable angina and does not follow a pattern. Unstable angina can happen without physical exertion and is a medical emergency that may require immediate medical attention.
Triggers of angina?
Physical activity, Emotional stress, Cold or extreme temperatures, Eating a large meal, or Drinking alcohol.
Medication for angina, and how do you use it?
Nitroglycerin. 1 tablet placed under the tongue or between the cheek and gum at the first sign of an angina attack. 1 tablet may be used every 5 minutes as needed, for up to 15 minutes. Do not take more than 3 tablets in 15 minutes. Call 911 if pain doesn’t improve.
Myocardial Infarction
Occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, starving the heart muscle of oxygen and causing it to die.
Symptoms of MI
Women are more likely to have less-recognized symptoms such as nausea, indigestion, and dizziness. Women tend to attribute these types of symptoms to non-life-threatening conditions such as acid reflux, the flu, stress, and anxiety.
Men has SOB, chest pain, cramping.
Heart Failure
A serious condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to the body’s organs.
Left Ventricular HF Symptoms
Shortness of breath, especially when lying down
Coughing, especially during exertion
Fatigue
Sudden weight gain or swelling, especially in your limbs
Right-sided HF Symptoms
Fluid retention and swelling, especially in your lower body
Heart palpitations
Chest discomfort
Shortness of breath
Blood backing up in your veins
Frequent urges to urinate Loss of appetite
Nausea
Right-sided heart failure usually occurs because of left-sided failure. The left ventricle pumps less blood out to the body, which causes blood to back up into the right ventricle. This backup damages the right side of the heart, which stops pumping efficiently.
Medications to treat HF
Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and digoxin. These medications can help reduce fluid in the body, relax blood vessels, and improve heart function.
Cardiac diet
Low sodium (2gram/day), low caffeine and sugar, low cholesterol
Peripheral artery disease
A buildup of plaque in the arteries, a process called atherosclerosis. When the arteries that supply blood to the legs or arms narrow or become blocked. This reduces blood flow and can lead to pain, discomfort, or tissue death.
Symptoms of PAD
Pain or discomfort in the affected limb, especially during exercise, but pain resolves at rest. Other symptoms include numbness, weakness, ulcers, and cold skin.
Risk factors of PAD
Smoking, older age, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and abdominal obesity.
Treatment for PAD
Tobacco cessation, exercise, healthy diet, medications, or surgery.
Complications that come with PAD
Amputation, poor wound healing, restricted mobility, severe pain, and stroke.
Buerger’s Disease (smoking-related)
Thromboangitis obliterates is an occlusive vascular condition in which the small- and medium-sized arteries become inflamed and thrombotic. Characterized by pain and sometimes ulceration in fingers and toes.
Raynaud’s Disease (cold and stress-related)
Caused by intermittent arterial spasms, usually when exposed to cold or emotional stimuli.
Primary—the cause is not known, and the condition is usually mild
Secondary—when symptoms occur because of other conditions (RA, lupus)
Assessing edema (rating)
0: No pitting, skin bounces back immediately after being pressed
1+: A barely visible dent
2+: A light dent that goes away within 15 seconds
3+: A deeper dent that takes up to 30 seconds to go away
4+: A deep dent that takes more than 30 seconds to go away
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Periods of apnea while sleeping due to tongue and soft palate falling to back of throat
Risk factors or OSA
Nasal conditions
Older age
Obesity
Male gender
Tracheostomy
Surgical procedure that may be performed as part of laryngeal cancer treatment to create an opening in the windpipe (trachea) for breathing,
Pneumonia
Infectious, cause alveoli to fill with fluid or pus. Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common bacteria), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires’ disease), and others depending on the type of pneumonia.
Risk factors of pneumonia?
Older adults, immunocompromised individuals, people with chronic lung diseases (COPD, asthma), smokers, those with recent surgery, and individuals with impaired swallowing mechanisms are at higher risk.
Assessment for pneumonia?
Vital signs monitoring (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure)
Lung sounds assessment (crackles, wheezes, bronchial breath sounds)
Oxygen saturation monitoring using pulse oximetry
Chest X-ray (diagnostic tool)
Sputum culture and sensitivity (to identify the causative organism).
Nursing interventions for pneumonia
Administer prescribed antibiotics as directed
Provide oxygen therapy if needed
Encourage fluids to thin secretions
Elevate the head of the bed
Monitor for signs of respiratory distress
Teach cough etiquette and deep breathing exercises Monitor for potential complications like pleural effusion, sepsis, and respiratory failure.
Tuberculosis: Latent vs active
People with latent TB don’t have symptoms and can’t spread the disease, while people with active TB have symptoms and can spread the disease.
Atelectasis
Collapse of alveoli due to underuse or mucous plugging.
What causes atelectasis?
Airway obstruction
Pressure on the lung
Anesthesia
Underlying lung disease: Such as pneumonia
Symptoms of atelectasis?
Shortness of breath
Coughing up mucus
Wheezing
Chest pain
Low oxygen levels
Rapid, shallow breathing
Pneumothorax
Air in pleural space cause compression of lung. A medical condition that occurs when air leaks from the lung and fills the space between the lung and chest wall. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from fully expanding when you inhale.
Symptoms of pneumothorax?
Sudden, sharp chest pain, especially when breathing deeply or coughing
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness
Bluish skin color
Lightheaded or near fainting
Easy fatigue
Traumatic pneumothorax
Caused by physical trauma to the chest, such as a broken rib or stabbing, or as a complication of a medical procedure. Symptoms usually appear during or shortly after the injury.
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Occurs without an apparent cause, such as a known lung disease or chest injury. Symptoms usually appear when the person is at rest.
Emphysema
COPD: air trapping due to alveoli destruction usually from irritants, progressive loss of lung elasticity, O2 gets in but CO2 doesn’t get out, “Pink Puffer”
Diet for patients with emphysema?
High-calorie, high-protein meals in small, frequent portions.
Chronic Bronchitis
COPD: air trapping due to excess mucous production, not much gas exchange, hypoxemic, “Blue Bloater”
Asthma
Airway tightening due to inflammation and mucous, comes on as “attacks” in response to exertion or irritants
Hypokalemia
Low potassium. Caused by excessive GI losses from gastric suctioning of vomiting and the use of
medication such as LASIX can cause hypokalemia so take supplements and eat high potassium foods.
Hyperkalemia
This is HIGH potassium in the body levels over 5mEq/L. Caused by renal disease, and trauma such as tissue damage from burns, but kidney disease is the main cause.
What is really important to remember with potassium?
Potassium plays a crucial role in cardiac function.
Normal potassium level?
Normal range 3.5-5 mEq/L
Normal calcium level?
Normal range is 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dl.
Hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in the blood.
A deficiency may be caused by infusion of excess amounts of citrated blood, excessive loss through diarrhea, inadequate dietary intake, surgical removal of the parathyroid gland, pancreatic disease, or small bowel disease.
Symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Cramping
Weakness
Spasms
Fatigue
Parasthesia
Hypercalcemia
High calcium levels. It may occur when calcium stored in the bones enters the circulation; occurs with immobilization or bone cancer. drink lots of fluids to dilute, encourage weight-bearing exercises, treat underlying cause.
