1005 Final Review Flashcards
What is the objective of Healthy People 2030?
Identifies public health priorities to help individuals, organizations, and communities across the United States improve health and well-being.
Maslow’s Hierarchy?
The five levels of the hierarchy are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Primary prevention
Aims to stop a disease from occurring in the first place.
Secondary prevention
Focuses on early detection and treatment to minimize the impact of a disease.
Tertiary prevention
Manages existing chronic diseases to prevent further complications and improve quality of life.
What is the purpose of patient education?
Patient education can help patients understand their health conditions, treatment options, and lifestyle changes, which can lead to better health outcomes.
Assessment
Nurses collect and analyze data about the patient’s physiological, economic, social, and lifestyle factors.
Diagnosis
Nurses use their clinical judgment to form a diagnosis based on the patient’s physical symptoms and behavior.
Planning
Nurses set realistic goals for the patient’s recovery, based on the assessment and diagnosis. These goals are measurable and achievable and can include things like improving nutrition or managing pain.
Implementation
Nurses implement the care plan to ensure consistency of care and document the patient’s progress.
Evaluation
Assess if the plan you implemented was effective and change as necessary.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
This initial stage focuses on the infant’s ability to develop trust in caregivers by having their needs met consistently.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)
Children learn to develop a sense of independence and self-control, potentially feeling shame if not allowed to do so.
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool)
Children begin to take initiative and explore their environment, potentially feeling guilty if their actions are disapproved of.
Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)
Children focus on developing skills and competence, potentially feeling inferior if they struggle to keep up with peers.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
Adolescents grapple with forming a sense of self and identity, potentially experiencing role confusion if they can’t define themselves.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Young adults focus on developing close, intimate relationships, potentially feeling isolated if they struggle to connect with others.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
Adults focus on contributing to society and leaving a legacy, potentially feeling stagnant if they feel like they are not making a meaningful impact.
Integrity vs. Despair (Later Adulthood)
Older adults reflect on their lives and either feel a sense of accomplishment and integrity or experience despair and regret.
Lactose intolerance
A chronic condition that makes it difficult to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
NPO (nothing by mouth)
A Latin abbreviation that doctors use to instruct patients to avoid eating or drinking for a period before a medical procedure or exam. NPO is important for patient safety because eating or drinking before surgery can cause it to be canceled.
Clear liquid
a short-term dietary plan that consists of clear liquids and foods that become clear at room temperature.
How do you use a cane?
Hold the cane on good side.
Move the cane forward at the same time as the opposite leg.
Position the cane ahead of you: Set the cane so it’s even with the foot you’re stepping with.
Lean your weight through the cane: Lean your weight through the arm holding the cane as needed.
Take steps with your weak leg first: On level surfaces, your weak leg should take the first step, which holds the most weight.
Move the cane about 1.5 feet forward: Move the cane about 1.5 feet forward with each step.
Watch where you place the cane: If your cane doesn’t stand up on its own, watch where you place it so it doesn’t fall into a walkway or become a tripping hazard.
Urinary incontinence (UI)
The involuntary loss of bladder control. It can range from a minor issue to a major problem that affects daily life.
Urinary retention
A condition that makes it difficult or impossible to empty the bladder.
Chronic constipation
A condition that involves infrequent or difficult bowel movements that lasts for at least three months.
Infection control
A set of policies and procedures that aim to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings and the workplace.
Standard precautions
A set of infection control practices that are used to prevent the spread of diseases in healthcare settings.
6 rights of medication administration?
Right patient, medication, time, route, dose, reason.
SQ injection
A subcutaneous injection, meaning the medication is administered by injecting it into the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin, also known as the hypo-dermis; this route is used for medications that need to be absorbed slowly and steadily into the bloodstream. Administered at 45-degree angle.
Intramuscular (IM) injections
A common medical procedure that involves injecting medication into a muscle. Administered at a 90-degree angle.
Z-track technique
Refers to a method of intramuscular injection where the skin is pulled to the side before inserting the needle, creating a zigzag path to prevent the medication from leaking into surrounding tissue, essentially “sealing” the drug within the muscle; this is achieved by displacing the skin and subcutaneous tissue before injecting, then releasing it after the needle is withdrawn, leaving a “Z” shaped track in the tissue.
Tolerance
The same amount of medication has a decreased effect.
Addiction
When you have a strong physical or psychological need or urge to do something or use something.
Chronic pain
> 6 months. Can be intermittent or continuous. Can be as intense as acute pain.
Acute pain
<6 months usually due to tissue injury and usually intense.
Alternative measures in treatment?
Acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine, massage, magnetic waves, hypnosis, biofeedback, meditation, yoga, and tai-chi.
PCA
A safe way for people in pain to give themselves intravenous (I.V.) pain medicine (analgesia) when they need it. The PCA pump holds a container that’s filled with your pain medicine. Using a PCA pump gives you the ability to control your pain.
Interventions for patients who are at high risk for aspiration?
Positioning: Keep the head of the bed elevated at a 30–45° angle.
Feeding: Encourage the patient to take small bites and frequent swallows. Alternate between liquid and solid swallows.
Swallowing: Consult with a provider about a swallowing assessment before oral feedings.
Medication: Monitor the patient’s medication regimen and note any medications that can increase gastric reflux or impair swallowing.
Diet: Modify the patient’s diet texture, such as cutting food into bite-sized pieces or using thickened liquids.
Oral care: Provide oral care and check for food left in the mouth after eating.
Feeding assistance: Use hand-over-hand, hand-under-hand, or other techniques as appropriate.
Antibiotics: Administer antibiotics as prescribed to fight the bacteria causing the infection.
Steroids: Use steroids to help reduce inflammation in the airways.
Supplemental oxygen: Use supplemental oxygen if the patient’s blood oxygen level is too low
Simple mask
Delivers 35–55% FiO2 at flow rates of 5–12 L/min.
Nasal cannula
Delivers 24–44% FiO2 at flow rates of 1–6 L/min
Venturi mask
Delivers 24–60% FiO2 at different flow rates depending on the color of the mask. For example, the blue mask delivers 24% FiO2 at 2–4 L/min, while the green mask delivers 60% FiO2 at 12–15 L/min.
Non-rebreather mask
Delivers 60–90% FiO2 at flow rates of 8–15 L/min.
Delivers 60–90% FiO2 at flow rates of 8–15 L/min.
Delivers 21–100% FiO2 at flow rates up to 60 L/min.
Incentive spirometer
Hand-held device that helps you exercise your lungs by taking slow, deep breaths. It’s often recommended by healthcare providers after surgery, chest or abdominal injuries, or lung illnesses like pneumonia to promote proper expansion of lungs.
Dyspneic intervention
Airway management; Maintain an open airway with positioning, airway adjuncts, and secretion clearance. Oxygen therapy; Provide oxygen therapy judiciously, titrating to prevent hypoxemia. Breathing techniques; Use breathing training or control exercises, such as diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing, or body position exercises. Positioning to help the work of breathing.
Orthopnea
A medical condition that causes shortness of breath when lying down but is relieved by sitting or standing.
Obstructive sleep apnea
A common sleep disorder that causes your breathing to repeatedly stop or become shallow during sleep. It’s caused by the soft tissues in your throat or neck relaxing and blocking your airway.
Torts vs malpractice
A tort is a civil wrong, while malpractice is a specific type of tort that involves professional negligence.
Ethics
The philosophical study of what is morally right or what people should do. It’s also known as moral philosophy.
Informed consent
A process that ensures patients understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a medical procedure or treatment, and can make an informed decision about whether to undergo it.
Advance directives
Legal documents that outline your preferences for medical care if you are unable to communicate your wishes. They are an important part of advance care planning.
Non-opioid analgesics
Reduce inflammation at the site of pain, and include acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen. Most non-opioid analgesics are available over the counter.
Opioid analgesics
Change the brain’s perception of pain, and include codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, meperidine, methadone, naloxone or naltrexone, and oxycodone. Opioids are only available by prescription and have a higher likelihood of causing dependence and addiction.
SBAR
A communication technique that stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation. It’s a structured framework that can help people communicate quickly and clearly, especially in critical situations.
Restraints
Medical devices used in healthcare settings to ensure the safety of patients and staff. They are used as a last resort when other methods have been tried and are only to limit movements that could cause harm. Restraints can be physical, chemical, or psychological, and can include:
Chemical restraints: A drug is used to restrict a patient’s movement or sedate them.
Physical restraints: A patient is physically restrained, such as by lashing them to their bed.
Seclusion: A patient is placed in a secluded environment to prevent self-harm or de-escalate violent behavior.
Enclosure beds: A net bed or enclosure prevents a patient from leaving the bed.
Leg restraints: Typically used for transporting patients but limited in emergency or inpatient settings.
Vitamin
Substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K.
Vitamin D
Bone health: Vitamin D helps build strong bones and prevent osteoporosis and rickets.
Muscle and nerve function: Vitamin D helps your muscles move and your nerves send messages between your brain and body.
Immune system: Vitamin D helps your immune system fight off bacteria and viruses.
Fall risks
Medications, muscle weakness, balance impairment, hazards at home, foot problems, and age.
Donning PPE
Gown, mask, goggles/face shield, gloves
Doffing PPE
Gloves, goggles, gown, mask
Would Class I
Clean wounds.
Wound Class II
Clean-contaminated wounds, which have a low level of contamination.
Wound Class III
Contaminated wounds, which are usually caused by a breach in sterile techniques or leakage from the gastrointestinal tract.
Wound Class IV
Dirty or infected wounds, which are usually caused by inadequate treatment of traumatic wounds, gross purulence, and evident infections.
Nutrition for healing
Increase fluids, protein, zinc, vitamin C and vitamin A.
Stage I Pressure Ulcer
The skin is reddened, warm, or cool, and may feel firm or soft. The area doesn’t turn white when pressed, which indicates a pressure ulcer may be forming.
Stage II Pressure Ulcer
The skin blisters or forms an open sore. The area around the sore may be red and irritated.
Stage III Pressure Ulcer
The sore deepens and looks like a crater. The tissue below the skin is damaged, and you may be able to see body fat in the ulcer.
Stage IV Pressure Ulcer
The pressure ulcer has become so deep that it damages the muscle, bone, and sometimes tendons and joints.
Cardinal signs of inflammation
fever, redness, swelling, pain, or loss of function.
Exudate
Exudate is a fluid, cells, or other cellular substances that leak from blood vessels into nearby tissues. It can ooze from cuts, areas of infection, or inflammation.
Serous
A clear, thin, watery plasma that’s normal during the inflammatory stage of wound healing. It contains sugars, white cells, proteins, and other chemicals that help with healing.
Sanguineous
Fresh bleeding that appears red, thin, and watery in deep partial or full-thickness wounds. It’s generally produced in small amounts during the inflammatory stage.
Serosanguinous
A thin, watery consistency with a pale red to pink color that contains serous drainage with small amounts of blood present. It’s normal in a healthy, healing wound.
Purulent
A thick, opaque exudate that’s tan, yellow, green, or brown in color. It’s never considered normal in a wound bed and indicates a high bacterial load and infection.
Drainage
To remove fluid as it collects; or a tube or wick-like device used to remove fluid from a body cavity, wound, or infected area.
While auscultating heart sounds S1
Generated by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, often described as a “lub” sound.
While auscultating heart sounds S2
Produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, often described as a “dub” sound.
While auscultating heart sounds S3
A low-pitched sound heard early in diastole, signifying rapid ventricular filling and can be a sign of heart dysfunction in certain situations.
While auscultating heart sounds S4
A low-pitched sound heard just before S1, indicating forceful atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle and can be a sign of pathology.
Delegation – 5 rights
Right task, person, direction and communication, supervision and evaluation
Fowler’s
A standard patient position in which the patient is seated in a semi-sitting position (45–60 degrees) and may have knees either bent or straight.
Sims
Where a patient lies on their left side with their right hip and knee bent, and their left leg straight.
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath that occurs when lying down and is relieved by sitting or standing up.
Risk of shearing
When a patient’s skin is subjected to forces that cause layers of tissue to slide against each other, often leading to impaired blood flow and potential skin breakdown, particularly in immobile or vulnerable patients; this risk is especially high when combined with pressure or friction on the skin.
NG tube
A nasogastric (NG) tube is a thin, flexible tube that is inserted through the nose and into the stomach to deliver food or medicine. NG tubes can be used for a variety of reasons, including Feeding: NG tubes can be used to feed people who are unable to eat or drink enough, such as children who are born early, have trouble swallowing, or have a digestive issue. Decompression: NG tubes can be used to relieve pressure in the stomach in cases of intestinal obstruction or ileus. Medication: NG tubes can be used to deliver medication to patients who are unable to take it orally.
HIPAA
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 establishes federal standards protecting sensitive health information from disclosure without patient’s consent.
Culture
The shared customs, arts, social norms, beliefs, and values that characterize a particular group of people, essentially encompassing their “way of life” which includes aspects like language, traditions, cuisine, religion, and social practices within a community or society.
