101. Developmental Psych

Question 1

What are the developmental theories of:

• Freud
• John Bowlby

Answer 1

Freud: Psychosexual Development (Oral-Anal-Genital-Latency-Adult Genital)
Role of childhood events/unconscious in shaping adult personality/behavior
Defense mechanisms
Id, Ego, Superego: instincts, reality, morality

Bowlby: Attachment Theory - infants need continuous access to attachment for first 2 years, else (protest - despair - detachment), allows child to make internal working model of self, world, others

Question 2

What are Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 2

Sensorimotor (0-2yrs): simple reflexes, first habits, circular rxns and coordination

Preoperational (2-7yrs): symbolic fx-representation, intuitive thought, primitive reasoning

Concrete Operations (7-11yrs): logic, conservation

Formal Operations (12-16yrs): abstract thoughts, metacognition

Question 3

What is Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

What are Kohlberg’s 3 stages of Morality?

Answer 3

ZPD: gap b/w what child does and does not know; more knowledgeable other helps bridge gap

Preconventional: obedience/punishment and self-interest

Conventional: conformity and social order

Post-conventional: social contract (balance b/w social order and individual rights) and universal ethics

Question 4

What are Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development?

Answer 4

Trust vs. Mistrust [Hope] (0-1yo)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt [Will] (1-3yo)
Initiative vs. Guilt [Purpose] (3-6yo)
Industry vs. Inferiority [Competency] (6-12yo)
Identity vs. Role Confusion [Fidelity] (13-18yo)
Intimacy vs. Isolation [Love] (19-40yo)
Generativity vs. Stagnation [Care] (40-65yo)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair [Wisdom] (65+yo)

Question 5

Infancy

• ages
• tasks
• milestones
• language
• social
• cognition
• RED FLAG

Answer 5

0-1years
Tasks: develop attachments, control early motor skills (unfold, propel, manipulate), explore world through senses
Milestones: Gross motor (sit up 6mo, walk 12mo), Fine Motor (swat 4mo, rake 6mo, pincer grasp 10mo)
Language: vocalizing, babbling, first words (12mo)
Social: smile (2mo), stranger anxiety (8-10mo), separation anxiety (9mo), joint attention/aware of other’s point of view
Cognition: object permanence (6-9mo)

RED FLAG: AUTISM: child can’t attach (less reciprocal interactions)

Question 6

Toddler

• age
• tasks
• attachment
• Play
• language

Answer 6

1-3yo
Tasks: balance attachment/exploration, internalize parent values/standards, play from imitative to symbolic, grow vocab, use language to express wishes, thought narration, dyadic self-regulation (return to pt to feel more secure)
Attachment: Secure (distressed but calms), Anxious-Avoidant (distressed on return), Anxious-Resistant (no behavior change)
Parallel play: kids play next to but not WITH each other
Language: expressive (jargoning to simple phrases) and receptive (respond to 3 step commands)

Question 7

Pre-Schooler

• age
• tasks
• motor
• language
• cognition

Answer 7

3-6yo
Tasks: symbolic/interactive play, tolerates separation, language as primary communication, understand cause/effect, impulse control, autonomous self regulation, emergence of guilt

Motor: pencil grasp
Language: mostly understandable by strangers
Cognition: egocentrism, cause and effect (thinks things that happen at same time are related - transductive reasoning)

Question 8

Middle Childhood

• age
• tasks
• cognition
• conservation
• social/emotional

Answer 8

6-12 yo
Tasks: more autonomous coping, friendships/group norms, play involves competence/skill, logic/reasoning/problem-solving, internalization of values/rules/norms/expectations, development of consciousness (superego), more awareness of identity, more capacity for self-observation/self-apprasial
Cognition: reading and writing, more attention, better memory/logic, can talk through problems
Conservation: capacity to recognize different presentations as the same
Social Emotional: tattling, competition, delayed gratification, productivity and more self esteem, time seen as more salient

Question 9

Adolescence

• age
• Tasks

Answer 9

13-19yo
Tasks: adjust to sexually maturing brain/behaviors, abstract thinking, mature decision thinking, identify morals, form close friendships, establish identity, more mature roles, renegotiate relationship w/ parents

Question 10

What psych diseases develop during:
Infancy
Toddler
Pre-School
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood

Answer 10

ASD (0-3yo) - infant/toddler

ADHD (4-7yo) - preschool

Separation Anxiety (6-9) - mid childhood
GAD (9-11) - mid childhood

Depression (13-16) - adolescence
SoAD (14-17) - adolescence
BPD/Psychosis (16) - adolescence

Panic Disorder (16-25yo) - adulthood