101-150

Question 1

Chapter 8. Predictive validity is where the researcher uses a future criterion measure, rather than a contemporary one, as in the case of concurrent validity

T
True
F
False

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Chapter 8. Discriminant validity ensures that when a measure is used for one construct (Construct A) it is the same in terms of its content from a measure used to measure another construct (Construct B).

T
True
F
False

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Chapter 8. There is a strong concern with what in quantitative research:

A
Thematic explanation

B
Meta-analysis

C
Causal Explanation

D
Descriptive Explanation

Answer 3

C)

Correct Answer:
Causal Explanation

Explanation:
There is a very strong concern with causal explanation in most quantitative research.

Question 4

Chapter 8. The results of a piece of research should typically be unaffected by the researcher’s special characteristics or expectations.

T
True
F
False

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Chapter 8. Which of the following is not a critique of quantitative research?

A) It fails to distinguish between people and social institutions of “ the nature of the world”

B)The measurement process possesses an artificial and spurious sense of precision and accuracy

C) The reliance on instruments and procedures hinders the connection between research and everyday life

D) It is based on numbers that are invariably unreliable and imprecise.

Answer 5

Correct Answer:
D)

It is based on numbers which are invariably unreliable and imprecise.

Question 6

Chapter8.For convergent validity, measurement ought to be gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed through other methods.

True or false?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Chapter 9. A sampling frame is the listing of all units in the population from which the sample will be selected.

T
True
F
False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Chapter 9. A probability sample is a sample that has been selected using non-random selection.

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True
F
False

Answer 8

False
Explanation:
Probability sample: a sample that has been selected using random selection so that each unit in the population has a known chance of being selected.

Question 9

Chapter 9. Sampling error is the difference between a sample and population from which it is selected.

T
True
F
False

Answer 9

True
Explanation:
Sampling error: the difference between a sample and the population from which it is selected, even though a probability sample has been selected.

Question 10

Chapter 9. Which of the following is not a source of sampling bias:

A
If a non-probability or non-random method is used

B
If the sampling frame is inadequate

C
If the interviewer has biased views

D
If the sample members refuse to participate or cannot be contacted, in other words, if there is non-response

Answer 10

C)

Question 11

Chapter 9. A simple random sample is the most basic form of probability sample.

T
True
F
False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Chapter 9. It is impossible to make inferences from information about a random sample to the population from which it was selected.

T
True
F
False

Answer 12

Correct Answer:
False
Explanation:
The reason why probability sampling is such an important procedure in social

survey research is that it is possible to make inferences from information

about a random sample to the population from which it was selected.

Question 13

Chapter 9. Convenience sampling is a form of non-probability sampling.

T
True
F
False

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Chapter 9. Which if of the following is not a consideration in

sample size?

A
Absolute and relative sample size

B
Ensuring the sample does not exceed 1,000 participants

C
Time and cost

D
Non-response

Answer 14

B)

Correct Answer:
Ensuring the sample does not exceed 1,000 participants

Explanation:
Frequently a source of great disappointment to those who pose such questions. Moreover, most of the time decisions about sample size are affected by considerations of time and cost. Therefore, invariably decisions about sample size represent a compromise between the constraints of time and cost, the need for precision, and a variety of further considerations that will now be addressed.

Question 15

Chapter 9. The aim of quota sampling is to produce a sample that does not reflect a population in terms of the relative proportions of people in different categories.

T
True
F
False

Answer 15

Correct Answer:
False
Explanation:
Quota sampling is used intensively in commercial research, such as market research and political opinion polling (see Thinking deeply 8.8). The aim of quota sampling is to produce a sample that reflects a population in terms of the relative proportions of people in different categories, such as gender, ethnicity, age groups, socio-economic groups, and region of residence, and in combinations of these categories.

Question 16

Chapter 9. Which of the following are sources of error in social survey research? Please select all that apply.

A
Sampling error

B
Random error

C
Data collection error

D
Participant error

Answer 16

Correct Answers

C) Data collection error

A) Sampling error

Explanation:
There are four sources of error in social survey research: Sampling error;

Sampling-related error; Data collection error; and Data processing error.

Question 17

Chapter 9. Which of the following is not a sampling issue

for an online survey?

A
Households are difficult to identify

B
Many people have more than one email address

C
A household may have one computer but several users

D
Internet users are a biased sample of the population

Answer 17

Correct Answer:

A) Households are difficult to identify

Explanation:
Certain other features of online communications make the issue more problematic:· Many people have more than one email address. · A household

may have one computer but several users. · Internet users are a biased sample of the population.

Question 18

Chapter 9. Since the mid-1990s, response rates for email surveys have been declining to lower levels than those for most postal questionnaires.

T
True
F
False

Answer 18

True
Explanation:
In the early years, in the late 1980s, response rates for email surveys were quite encouraging, but since the mid-1990s they have been declining to lower levels than those for most postal questionnaires.

Question 19

Chapter 9. How can response rates to a survey be boosted? Please select all that apply.

A
By contacting prospective respondents before sending them a questionnaire

B
By emailing them daily until they complete the questionnaire

C
By offering them some incentive

D
By highlighting the consequences of not completing

Answer 19

A & C

Question 20

Chapter 10. The research interview is a more prominent data collection strategy in quantitative rather than qualitative research.

T
True
F
False

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Chapter 10. Which of the following is not a source of error

in survey research?

A
Poorly worded question

B
Memory problems on behalf of the interviewee

C
The way the information is recorded by the interviewer

D
The prestige of the organisation collecting the data

Answer 21

D)

Question 22

Chapter 10. In a semi-structured interview, the questions are very specific rather than general.

T
True
F
False

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Chapter 10. In a focus group, interviewees discuss a topic in a focussed yet individual way.

T
True
F
False

Answer 23

Correct Answer:
False
Explanation:
Focus group. This is the same as the focused interview, but interviewees discuss the specific issue in groups.

Question 24

Chapter 10. Which of the following is not an advantage of telephone over personal interviews?

A
They are cheaper and easier to administrate

B
Research evidence suggests that people prefer being interviewed over the phone rather than in person

C
Telephone interviews are easier to supervise than personal interviews

D
Personal interviews are sometimes affected by the characteristics of the interviewer and telephone interviewing removes this source of bias

Answer 24

Correct Answer:

B) Research evidence suggests that people prefer being interviewed over the phone rather than in person

Question 25

Chapter 10. Which of the following are limitations of telephone interviewing compared to personal interviewing? Please select all that apply.

A
They are unlikely to be sustainable beyond 20-25 minutes

B
They are more effective for sensitive issues

C
The quality of data from telephone interviewing is superior to that obtained from personal interviews

D
Telephone interviews achieve slightly lower response rates than personal interviews

Answer 25

A & D

Question 26

Chapter 10. The acronym “CATI” stands for:

A
Computer-aided technology interviewing

B
Consumer-assisted technology intervention

C
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing

D
Computer-assisted technology interviewing

Answer 26

C)

Question 27

Chapter 10. Which of the following are not considerations on the issue of question order? Please select all that apply.

A
Questions need to be somewhat uniform

B
Researchers need to be sensitive to the possible implications of the effect of early questions on answers to subsequent questions

C
The most challenging questions should be asked first

D
Question order should not be varied

Answer 27

A & C

Correct Answers
The most challenging questions should be asked first

Questions need to be somewhat uniform

Question 28

Chapter 10. Which of the following areas would a researcher not need training in to conduct an interview?

A
Contacting perspective respondents and providing an introduction to the study

B
Using appropriate styles of probing

C
Being able to maintain eye-contact

D
Recording exactly what is said

Answer 28

C

Question 29

Chapter 10. Critical incident methods are used in order to develop an understanding of events or behaviour in terms of their sequence and significance to the individual.

T
True
F
False

Answer 29

True
Explanation:
The critical incident method involves asking respondents to describe critical incidents, which are defined very broadly by Flanagan (1954) as any observable human activity where the consequences are sufficiently clear as to leave the observer with a definite idea as to their likely effects. The term is derived from the analysis of near-disaster situations, where a version of the technique can be used to build up a picture of the events that contribute to a potential disaster and to develop a plan of action for dealing with them. The most common use of the critical incident method involves interviewing respondents about particular types of event or behaviour in order to develop an understanding of their sequence and their significance to the individual.

Question 30

Chapter 10. In the verbal protocol approach, participants are typically asked to “think aloud” while performing certain tasks.

T
True
F
False

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Chapter 10. Which of the following best describes social desirability bias?

Answer 31

Respondents answers to questions are related to their perception of the social desirability of those answers

Question 32

Chapter 11. A self-completion questionnaire is sometimes referred to as a self-administered questionnaire.

T
True
F
False

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Chapter 11. Self-completion questionnaires generally contain fewer closed than open questions.

T
True
F
False

Answer 33

False

Question 34

Chapter 11. Which of the following is not an advantage of a self-completion questionnaire?

A) More accurate responses

B) Cheaper to administer

C) Absence of interviewer effects

D) No interviewer variability

Answer 34

Question:
Chapter 11. Which of the following is not an advantage of a self-completion questionnaire?

Correct Answer:
More accurate responses

Question 35

Chapter 11. Outline two disadvantages of a self-completion questionnaires. Please select all that

apply.

A
Cannot probe

B
Cannot research sensitive areas

C
Do not know who answers

D
Less convenient for respondents

Answer 35

A & C

Explanation:
There is no opportunity to probe respondents to elaborate an answer. Probing can be very important when open-ended questions are being asked. Interviewers are often trained to get more from respondents. However, this problem largely applies to open questions, which are not used a great deal in self-completion questionnaire research. Furthermore, with postal

questionnaires, you can never be sure that the right person has answered the questionnaire. If a questionnaire is sent to a manager in a firm, the task may simply be delegated to someone else. This advantage of the structured interview over the postal questionnaire does not apply when the former is administered by telephone, since the same problem applies.

Question 36

Chapter 11. Outline some steps to improve response rates to postal questionnaires. Please select

all that apply.

A
Write a strong covering letter

B
Write to respondents regularly to ensure they respond

C
Do not allow the questionnaire to appear unnecessarily long or bulky

D
Send them a gift in advance to entice them to complete the survey

Answer 36

A & C

Question 37

Chapter 11. Which of the following is not an advantage of an email or online survey compared to a postal questionnaire?

A
Low cost

B
Attractive format

C
More accurate response

D
Better response to open questions

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Chapter 11. Which of the following are disadvantages of an online or email survey compared to a postal questionnaire? Please select all that apply.

A
Low response rate

B
Wide sample of individuals

C
Confidentiality and anonymity issues

D
Less data accuracy

Answer 38

A & C

Correct Answers
Confidentiality and anonymity issues

Low response rate

Explanation:
Disadvantages include: Low response rate, Restricted to online populations, Requires motivation, Confidentiality and anonymity issues, Multiple replies

Question 39

Chapter 11. A diary can be used as a method of data collection in social scientific research.

T
True
F
False

Answer 39

true

Question 40

Chapter 11. Which of the following is not a recommendation of Corti (1993) in preparing a diary study?

A
Provide explicit instructions

B
Be clear about time periods within which behaviour is to be recorded

C
Give very prescriptive instructions as to the type of answers diarists should supply

D
Provide a model of a completed section of a diary

Answer 40

C

Question 41

Chapter 11. Which of the following is not an advantage of using a diary as a method of data collection?

A
When precise estimates of the frequency or type of behaviour are required

B
When information about the sequencing of different types of behaviour and attitude is required

C
For providing an objective assessment of one’s behaviour or attitudes

D
Producing data which is of a sensitive nature

Answer 41

D)

For providing an objective assessment of one’s behaviour or attitudes

Question 42

Chapter 11. Which of the following are disadvantages of using a diary method? Please select all that apply.

A
They tend to be more expensive than personal interviews

B
They are less accurate than surveys or interviews

C
They cannot unlock as profound insights as structured observation

D
They suffer high levels of attrition

Answer 42

Correct Answers

A & D

They suffer high levels of attrition

They tend to be more expensive than personal interviews

Explanation:
The following are disadvantages of using a diary method: - They tend to be more expensive than personal interviews; - They suffer high levels of attrition.

Question 43

Chapter 11. In experience sampling, participants are prompted to reply to questions about their behaviour at particular points in time.

T
True
F
False

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Chapter 11. Which of the following is not a type of

experience sampling?

A
Interval contingent

B
Optimal contingent

C
Event contingent

D
Signal contingent

Answer 44

Correct Answer:

B) Optimal contingent

Explanation:
Uy et al. (2010) distinguish between three types of experience sampling approach: interval contingent—where responses are provided at predetermined intervals, e.g. every hour, or at the same time each day, such as in Wagner et al.’s (2013) study of emotional labour and bus drivers; event contingent—participants respond when the event takes place, such as when they experience certain moods; signal contingent—participants are prompted to respond by a signalling device, such as an alarm, at randomly selected points in the day, as in Hofmans’ (2013) study mentioned above.

Question 45

Chapter 11. Experience sampling studies may offer the researcher greater ecological validity to their work.

T
True
F
False

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Chapter 12. Which of the following is not an advantage

of using open questions?

A
Respondents can answer in their own terms

B
They do not suggest a certain kind of answer to respondent

C
They allow unusual response to be derived

D
They are generally easy to code for analysis

Answer 46

D

Question 47

Chapter 12. Open questions tend to be less time-consuming to administer for surveys.

T
True
F
False

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Chapter 12. Which of the following are advantages of using closed questions? Please select all that apply.

A
They allow for evocative answers

B
They are easy to process

C
They are easy for interviewers and/or responders to complete

D
They increase the possibility of variability in answers

Answer 48

B & C

Question 49

Chapter 12. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of

using closed questions?

A
There is a loss of spontaneity in respondents’ answers

B
It is easier to establish a rapport with respondents

C
It is difficult to make fixed-choice answers exhaustive

D
Closed questions may be irritating to respondents when they cannot find a category which they feel applies to them

Answer 49

B)

Question 50

Chapter 12. People may be asked questions about normative standards and values in a survey.

T
True
F
False

Answer 50

true