10.1

Question 1

Homologous series​

Answer 1

*series of compounds with same functional group + similar chemical properties
* differ by -CH2- group
* can be represented by the same general formula
* graduation in physical properties

Question 2

empirical formula

Answer 2

simplest whole number ratio of the atoms a compound contains

Question 3

molecular formula

Answer 3

actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Question 4

structural formula

Answer 4

representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other
full structural formula
condensed structural formula
stereochemical formula

Question 5

a full structural formula

Answer 5

shows every bond and atom (using 90 and 120 angles)

Question 6

a condensed structural formula

Answer 6

often omits bonds where they can be assumed, and groups atoms together

Question 7

a stereochemical formula

Answer 7

shows relative positions of atoms around carbon in 3D
a bond sticking forward from the page is shown as a solid, enlarging wedge, whereas a bond sticking behind the page is shown as hashed line. a bond in the plane of the paper is a solid line.

Question 8

identify the longest straight chain of carbon atoms

Answer 8

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex

Question 9

identify the functional group

Answer 9

class - functional group - suffix
alkane - alkenyl - ane
alkene - aklynyl - yne
alcohol - hydroxyl - anol
ether - ether - oxyalkane
aldehyde - aldehyde - anal
ketone - carbonyl - anone
carboxylic acid - carboxyl - anoic acid
ester - ester - anoate
amidee - carboxyamide - anamide
amine - amine
nitrilee - nitrile - anenitrile
arene - pheyl - benzene

Question 10

General formulas

Answer 10

alkane CnH2n+2
alkene CnH2n
alkyne CnH2n–2
alcohol CnH2n+1OH
ether R––O––R′
aldehyde R––CHO
ketone R––CO––R′
carboxylic acid CnH2n+1COOH
ester R––COO––R′

Question 11

side chains or substituent groups

Answer 11

class - functional group - name of functional group - prefix
alkane - - - - - methyl, ethyl, propyl etc
haloganoalkane - -F; -Cl; -Br; -I - halogeno - fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
amine - -NH2 - amine - amino

Question 12

IUPAC nomemclature

Answer 12

prefix - position, number and name of substituents
stem - number of carbon atoms in longest chain
suffix - class of compound determined by functional group

Question 13

structural isomers

Answer 13

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms

Question 14

primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atom

Answer 14

*A primary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and also to at least two hydrogen atoms
*A secondary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and also to one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups.
*A tertiary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and is also bonded to three alkyl groups and so has no hydrogen atoms.

Question 15

Arenes

Answer 15

*class of compounds that are derived from benzene, C6H6
*form special branches of organic compounds known as aromatics, which have properties somewhat distinct from other organic compounds known as aliphatics.
*contain the phenyl functional group

Question 16

Benzene

Answer 16

*The 1 : 1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen in benzene, C6H6, indicates a high degree of unsaturation, greater than that of alkenes or alkynes
* has no isomers
*cyclic structure, in which framework of single bonds attaches each carbon to one on either side to a hydrogen atom; so each carbon forms three single bonds with bond angles of 120 degrees forming the planar shape
*instead of pairing up to form alternating double bonds, electrons are delocalized through all six carbon atoms - this produces a symmetrical cloud of electron charge above and below the plane of the ring.
*this is very stable arrangement and lowers the internal energy of the molecule
*Bond lengths - all C-C bonds equal/intermediate in length (1.5)
❏ Enthalpy of hydrogenation - more stable than predicted, delocalization minimizes repulsion b/n e-
❏ Type of reactivity - reluctant to undergo addition (substitution more likely) b/c addition would
disrupt cloud of delocalized electrons (not energetically favourable)
❏ Isomers - only 1 isomer exists of cmpds such as 1,2-dibromobenzene b/c symmetrical

Question 17

physical properties of organic compounds

Answer 17

made of hydrocarbon skeleton and functional group,
longer C
chain has higher BP (stronger LDFs),
branching = lower BP (less tightly packed, weaker IMFs),
polar = soluble,
longer non-polar chain = insoluble

Question 18

Most to least volatile, increasing BP/IMF strength:

Answer 18

alkane>halogenoalkane>aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>carboxylic acidMost to least volatile, increasing BP/IMF strength:
alkane>halogenoalkane>aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>carboxylic acid