10.1 Flashcards
Homologous series
*series of compounds with same functional group + similar chemical properties
* differ by -CH2- group
* can be represented by the same general formula
* graduation in physical properties
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of the atoms a compound contains
molecular formula
actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
structural formula
representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other
full structural formula
condensed structural formula
stereochemical formula
a full structural formula
shows every bond and atom (using 90 and 120 angles)
a condensed structural formula
often omits bonds where they can be assumed, and groups atoms together
a stereochemical formula
shows relative positions of atoms around carbon in 3D
a bond sticking forward from the page is shown as a solid, enlarging wedge, whereas a bond sticking behind the page is shown as hashed line. a bond in the plane of the paper is a solid line.
identify the longest straight chain of carbon atoms
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
identify the functional group
class - functional group - suffix
alkane - alkenyl - ane
alkene - aklynyl - yne
alcohol - hydroxyl - anol
ether - ether - oxyalkane
aldehyde - aldehyde - anal
ketone - carbonyl - anone
carboxylic acid - carboxyl - anoic acid
ester - ester - anoate
amidee - carboxyamide - anamide
amine - amine
nitrilee - nitrile - anenitrile
arene - pheyl - benzene
General formulas
alkane CnH2n+2
alkene CnH2n
alkyne CnH2n–2
alcohol CnH2n+1OH
ether R––O––R′
aldehyde R––CHO
ketone R––CO––R′
carboxylic acid CnH2n+1COOH
ester R––COO––R′
side chains or substituent groups
class - functional group - name of functional group - prefix
alkane - - - - - methyl, ethyl, propyl etc
haloganoalkane - -F; -Cl; -Br; -I - halogeno - fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
amine - -NH2 - amine - amino
IUPAC nomemclature
prefix - position, number and name of substituents
stem - number of carbon atoms in longest chain
suffix - class of compound determined by functional group
structural isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms
primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atom
*A primary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and also to at least two hydrogen atoms
*A secondary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and also to one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups.
*A tertiary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and is also bonded to three alkyl groups and so has no hydrogen atoms.
Arenes
*class of compounds that are derived from benzene, C6H6
*form special branches of organic compounds known as aromatics, which have properties somewhat distinct from other organic compounds known as aliphatics.
*contain the phenyl functional group
Benzene
*The 1 : 1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen in benzene, C6H6, indicates a high degree of unsaturation, greater than that of alkenes or alkynes
* has no isomers
*cyclic structure, in which framework of single bonds attaches each carbon to one on either side to a hydrogen atom; so each carbon forms three single bonds with bond angles of 120 degrees forming the planar shape
*instead of pairing up to form alternating double bonds, electrons are delocalized through all six carbon atoms - this produces a symmetrical cloud of electron charge above and below the plane of the ring.
*this is very stable arrangement and lowers the internal energy of the molecule
*Bond lengths - all C-C bonds equal/intermediate in length (1.5)
❏ Enthalpy of hydrogenation - more stable than predicted, delocalization minimizes repulsion b/n e-
❏ Type of reactivity - reluctant to undergo addition (substitution more likely) b/c addition would
disrupt cloud of delocalized electrons (not energetically favourable)
❏ Isomers - only 1 isomer exists of cmpds such as 1,2-dibromobenzene b/c symmetrical
physical properties of organic compounds
made of hydrocarbon skeleton and functional group,
longer C
chain has higher BP (stronger LDFs),
branching = lower BP (less tightly packed, weaker IMFs),
polar = soluble,
longer non-polar chain = insoluble
Most to least volatile, increasing BP/IMF strength:
alkane>halogenoalkane>aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>carboxylic acidMost to least volatile, increasing BP/IMF strength:
alkane>halogenoalkane>aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>carboxylic acid
