1003. 21/01/21

Question 1

How are atherosclerosis formed?

Answer 1

Affect medium and large arteries within the body

Caused by chronic inflammation and activation of the immune system in the artery wall

Leading to deposition of lipids in the wall

Question 2

What is Leriche’s syndrome?

Answer 2

Occlusion only the distal aorta/ common Iliac artery

A clinical triad of thigh/buttock claudication, absent femoral pulses, male impotence

Question 3

What are the symptoms of digoxin toxicity

Answer 3

Arrhythmia’s 
 Seeing yellow
Nausea
Skin reactions
Vomiting

Question 4

What are the types of primary brain injury

Answer 4

Focal- contusion/haematoma

Diffuse- diffuse axonal injury

Question 5

What are the various types of intra-cranial heamatomoas?

Answer 5

Extradural heamatoma- bleeding between dura matter and skull, lucid interval. Rupture of middle meningeal artery

Subdural- bleeding into outermost meningeal layer, slower onset, fluctuating consciousness

Intracerebral- present like an schematic stroke,caused by aneurysms or AV malformation

Question 6

How does a diffuse axonal brain injury occur?

Answer 6

Mechanical shearing following deceleration

Question 7

How does a secondary brain injury occur?

Answer 7

Cerebral oedema,
Ischeamia
Infection
Tonsillitis or tentorial herniation

Question 8

What is the cushing reflex?

Answer 8

Hypertension and bradycardia in response to increased intercranial pressure overcoming the arterial pressures in the brain

Question 9

What would third nerve palsy result in?

Answer 9

Ptosis

Down and out eye

Dilated, fixed pupil

Question 10

The torchlear nerve has a palsy, what symptoms would you see?

Answer 10

Palsy results in defective downward gaze (vertical diplopia)

Question 11

What cranial nerve would present with nystagmus?

Answer 11

Cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear)

Also can give bearing loss and vertigo

Question 12

What are acoustic neuromas?

Answer 12

Schwann cell tumours of the cochlear nerve

Question 13

What are the muscles of the eye?

Answer 13

Superior rectus (extraocular muscle) Cranial nerve III

Lateral rectus- Crnail nerve VI

Medial rectus- cranial nerve III

Inferior rectus- Cranial nerve III

Superior oblique- Crianial nerve IV

Inferior oblique- Crianila nerve III

Question 14

What is Trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 14

Disease of chronic pain in which severe pain arises from minimal touching of the face

Question 15

A problem with the corneal reflex would indicate a problem with which cranial nerve?

Answer 15

Ophthalmic or facial (afferent and efferent)

Question 16

What arteries are involved in Tortola anterior circulation infarcts?

Answer 16

Middle and anterior cerebral arteries

Unilateral hemispheresis
Homonymous hemianopia
Higher cognitive dysfunction

Question 17

What controls the muscles of mastication?

Answer 17

Cranial nerve V- it’s only motor innervation.

Question 18

What innervates taste?

Answer 18

Facial (anterior 2/3rds)

Glossopharyngeal (1/3rd)

Question 19

What nerve innervates the gag reflex?

Answer 19

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus