10: Social Thinking

Question 1

Self-disclosure

Answer 1

Includes sharing fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgment

Question 2

Reciprocity

Answer 2

We like people who we think like us

Question 3

Aggression

Answer 3

Physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

Emotional bond to another person, usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver
- Four types: Secure, Avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

Question 5

Secure attachment

Answer 5

Requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore, knowing he or she has a secure base to return to

Question 6

Avoidant attachment

Answer 6

Occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

Question 7

Ambivalent attachment

Answer 7

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

Question 8

Disorganized attachment

Answer 8

Occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors

Question 9

Social support

Answer 9

Perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

Question 10

Emotional support

Answer 10

Includes listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

Question 11

Esteem support

Answer 11

Affirms the qualities and skills of the person

Question 12

Material support

Answer 12

Providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

Question 13

Informational support

Answer 13

Providing useful information to a person

Question 14

Network support

Answer 14

Providing a sense of belonging to a person

Question 15

Foraging

Answer 15

Searching for and exploiting food resources

Question 16

Polygyny

Answer 16

Male with multiple females

Question 17

Polyandry

Answer 17

Female with multiple males

Question 18

Mate choice/Intersexual selection

Answer 18

Selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

Question 19

Game theory

Answer 19

Attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

Question 20

Altruism

Answer 20

A form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

Question 21

Inclusive fitness

Answer 21

Measure of an organism’s success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others

Question 22

Social perception/social cognition

Answer 22

The way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment
- Contains a perceiver, his or her target, and the situation or social context of the scenario

Question 23

Implicit personality theory

Answer 23

States people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related

Question 24

Primacy effect

Answer 24

Refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

Question 25

Recency effect

Answer 25

When the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions

Question 26

Reliance on central traits

Answer 26

Tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

Question 27

Halo effect

Answer 27

When judgments of an individual's character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

Question 28

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 28

Tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

Question 29

Self-serving bias

Answer 29

Refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

Question 30

Attribution theory

Answer 30

Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior

Question 31

Dispositional (internal) causes

Answer 31

Those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered

Question 32

Situational (external) causes

Answer 32

Related to features of the surroundings or social context

Question 33

Correspondent inference theory

Answer 33

Used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

Question 34

Fundamental attribution theory

Answer 34

Bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others

Question 35

Attribute substitution

Answer 35

When individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

Question 36

Stereotypes

Answer 36

Occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals

Question 37

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 37

A process in which stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype

Question 38

Stereotype threat

Answer 38

Concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group

Question 39

Prejudice

Answer 39

Irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience

Question 40

Ethnocentrism

Answer 40

Practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture

Question 41

In-group

Answer 41

Social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging

Question 42

Out group

Answer 42

Refers to a social group with which and individual does not identify

Question 43

Cultural relativism

Answer 43

Recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

Question 44

Discrimination

Answer 44

When prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

Question 45

Individual discrimination

Answer 45

Refers to one person discrimination against a particular person or group

Question 46

Institutional Discrimination

Answer 46

Discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

Question 47

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 47

What makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors