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Biology IGCSE > 10 Reproduction > Flashcards

10 Reproduction Flashcards

Reproduction

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1
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

Production of new individuals without fertilisation.

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2
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Production of new individuals as a result of fertilisation.

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3
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Only one parent required.
Often large numbers of organisms can be produced in a relatively short time.
All offspring produced are identical so should survive well in conditions in which parent grows.

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4
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Lack of variation, any change in conditions will affect them.
Not suited to moving away and exploiting environments with different conditions.

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5
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Fusion of gametes bring genetic information from both parents creating variety. Better adapted to different conditions than parents, chance of survival increases in changing conditions.

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6
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Requires second parent, takes time and energy to find. Can also be failure to mate.
Takes longer time.

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7
Q

Process of asexual reproduction in Bacteria.

A

Binary fission.
When large enough, genetic material copies itself.
Cell splits in half.
Repeated; can occur rapidly.

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8
Q

Process of sexual reproduction

A

Occurs when there is fertilisation: nucleus of male gamete fuses with the nucleus of female gamete to form a zygote. Zygote will contain genetic information from both parent, making it unique. Involves haploid cells (gametes) and diploid cells (zygote).

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9
Q

Male parts of Flower.

A

Anther (holds pollen) and Filament (supports anther) = Stamen.

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10
Q

Female parts of Flower

A

Stigma (opening/pollen entrance) and Style (Tube-like structure for pollen transport) = Carpel

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11
Q

Characteristics of wind-pollinated plants

A

Small petals
Green or inconspicuous petals
no scent
no nectaries
many anthers, large and hang out
pollen grains have smooth outer walls
stigmas are large and feathery
produce a lot of pollen
pollen is light

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12
Q

Characteristics of insect-pollinated plants

A

Large petals
brightly colored petals
often scented
nectaries present
few small anthers inside the flower
pollen grains sticky or spiky
stigmas small inside the flower
produce smaller amounts of pollen
pollen is heavier

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13
Q

Define germination

A

When the seed coat breaks open, and the embryo starts to grow and develop into a new plant.

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14
Q

Conditions that need to right for seed germination

A

temperature
moisture
oxygen

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15
Q

Why is water required for germination?

A

Swell the seed and burst seed coat. More water required for:
activation of hormones and enzymes
hydrolysis of storage compounds
transport of materials to be used for respiration and growth
metabolic reactions and enzyme actions that occur in solution

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16
Q

Define pollination

A

Transferring pollen from one flower to another.

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17
Q

Function of testes

A

Produce sperm cells and male sex hormones. They are both stored in the scrotum.

18
Q

Function of sperm ducts

A

Tubes that carry sperm from testes to penis.

19
Q

Function of the urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from the bladder or sperm from sperm ducts out of penis.

20
Q

Function of the penis

A

Carries urine or sperm out of body. Penis swells with blood and stiffens, an erection, allows male to release sperm into female during sexual intercourse.

21
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Contains egg cells.

22
Q

Function of oviducts

A

Tube that carries eggs to uterus.

23
Q

Function of uterus (womb)

A

Where baby develops before being born.

24
Q

Function of cervix

A

Ring of muscle at entrance of uterus, keeps baby in place during pregnancy.

25
Q

Function of vagina

A

Receives sperm during sexual intercourse, where man’s penis enters female body.

26
Q

Size of sperm cells

A

45 micrometers.

27
Q

Number of sperm cells produced

A

100 million each day.

28
Q

Mobility of sperm cells

A

Many mitochondria to provide energy from respiration to allow flagellum to beat back and forth to move,

29
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

Small sac of enzymes at the tip of the sperm.

30
Q

Size of egg cell

A

0.2 mm diameter.

31
Q

Number of egg cells produced

A

Only one usually released each month.

32
Q

Define zygote

A

Fertilised egg cell.

33
Q

Define embryo

A

After zygote undergoes cell division, embryo is formed. Embryo is a ball of 64 cells that implants into the wall of the uterus.

34
Q

Define fetus

A

Embryo after 8 weeks of development.

35
Q

Where does fertilisation of egg cell occur?

A

Oviduct.

36
Q

Describe the Menstrual cycle

A

Starts in early adolescence in girls (around age 12) and is controlled by hormones. The average cycle is 28 days long. Ovulation occurs about halfway through the cycle and the egg travels down the oviduct to the uterus. Failure to fertilise the egg causes menstruation to occur. This is caused by the breakdown of the thickened lining of the uterus. Lasts around 5-7 days and signals beginning of the next cycle.

37
Q

Function of Umbilical cord

A

Joins the fetus’s blood supply to the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products.

38
Q

Function of Placenta

A

Organ that is produced by the growing fetus. The placenta allows constant exchange of materials between the mother and fetus.

39
Q

Function of Amniotic sac

A

A bag where the fetus develops of fluid called amniotic fluid. This fluid is produced from the membrane that forms the outer layer of the bag. Fluid protects the fetus from mechanical damage. Bag bursts shortly before labour.

40
Q

Methods of transmission of HIV

A

Sexual intercourse, sharing needles with infected person, blood transfusions, from mother to fetus through placenta or mother to baby through breastfeeding.

41
Q

How HIV affects immune system

A

May lead to AIDS.

42
Q

How is STI spread controlled?

A

Limiting number of sexual partners, using a condom, getting tested if unprotected sex has occurred, raising awareness by education programmes.

Biology IGCSE (13 decks)

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