10- Pharmacology 1 Flashcards
What is a drug
Any substance taken into the body to treat or prevent a disease or condition
What are the 4 drug names
- Chemical
- Generic/Nonproprietary
- Trade/Brand/Proprietary
- Offical
What does the number after a drug name mean
The greater the number the greater the amount of a controlled substance is added
What acts/agencies were created in 1906, 1938 and 1970
1906- Pure food and drug act (To list ingredient on things)
1938- FDA
1970- DEA
What are 2 references for OFFICIALLY approved drugs
USP - US pharmacopeia
NF - National Formulary
What act came out in 1970 and its purpose
Controlled substance act
Created drug schedules according to abuse potential
Explain each of the 5 drug schedules
1 (C-I) - High abuse, no medical use (Heroin, LSD)
2 (C-II) - High abuse, little medical use (Morphine, Cocaine, Opiates)
3 (C-III) - Some abuse, limited amounts of morphine, codeine
4 (C-IV) - Limited abuse (Valium, Chloral hydrate)
5 (C-V) - Lowest abuse, best medical value (Cold substances, OTC meds)
What does the FDA regulate
- General safety standards
- Approve/Remove unsafe products
What does the DEA regulate
- ONLY controlled substances
- Enforces laws
What is a legend drug
Prescription is needed
What to know about drugs (8)
- Names
- Indications
- Actions
- Contraindications
- Cautions
- Side effects
- Interactions
- Dosage/Route
Antagonist
Opposing-effect of 2 drugs
Affinity
Propensity of a drug to attach to something
Efficacy
Able to initiate activity as a result of binding
Agonist
A drug that attaches and enhances something
2 mechanisms of drug action
- Biochemical reaction between drug and certain body (usually receptors)
- Drugs modify existing functions NOT make new ones
What are 2 types of drug interactions the definitions
Pharmacokinetic - The study of how the body handles a drug over a period of time
Pharmacodynamic - The drugs effect on the body
The 4 step pharmacokinetics of a drug
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism (Bio transformation)
- Excretion
(ADME)
What is drug absorption
The movement of drug molecules from the site of entry to the general circulation
What 3 things does rate of absorption depend on
- Route
- Dose
- Dose form
How does absorption differ between single vs multi layer of cells and greater vs small surface area
- Single layer faster than multi layer
- Greater surface area faster than smaller
How does a richer blood supply differ from a poor blood supply in absorption
Rich blood supply enhances absorption
Poor blood supply delays it
What is the purpose of a loading dose
To get the drug into its therapeutic index range
What is a drugs therapeutic index
The range at which a drug will work
What is the purpose of a maintenance dose
A drip to keep a drug in its therapeutic range
Where is a drug usually distributed
To organs with a rich blood supply
What are barriers and 2 examples
Areas that do not easily allow drugs to pass through
- Blood brain barrier
- Placental barrier
What is bio transformation and the primary site
The process by which the drug is chemically converted to a metabolite
Liver
What is the purpose of bio transformation
To de-to icy a drug and render it less active
Metabolize it
What is 1st pass
The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the GI tract before it reaches systemic circulation
What are 4 causes of prolonged metabolism
-Liver disease
-Renal disease
-Cardiovascular dysfunction
Extreme age
What is the primary organ of excretion
Kidneys
What is pharmacodynamics
The study of how a drug acts on a living organism
What 5 roles do/can drugs play in the body
- Increase number of receptor sites
- Decrease number of receptor sites
- Stimulate receptors
- Block receptors
- Antagonize other drugs at receptors
Main reason for bicarb in a tricyclic antidepressant OD
Bicarb sticks to the molecules making them too big to pass through things and have an effect
4 responses of drug administration
- Desired effect
- Allergic reaction
- Dependance
- Interaction
4 responses of drug interactions
- Potentiates
- Summation
- Synergistic
- Tolerance
What does it mean for drugs to potentiate
One drug increases the effects of another in general
Ex. Drug A + Drug B
What does drug summation mean
Two drugs equal the sum of the individual drugs
Ex. Drug A (2) + Drug B (3) = 5
What does drug synergism mean
Two drugs exceed the sum of the individual drugs
Ex. Drug A (2) + Drug B (3) = 9
What does it mean for drug tolerance
The build up of resistance to a drug
What is therapeutic reaction
Desired action fo a drug
What is cumulative action
Drugs add onto the initial dose and stay in the body system and increase toxic effects
What is idiosyncrasy
Abnormal response to a drug
What is an untoward effect
Side effect that is harmful
8 factors that alter drug response
- Age
- Body mass
- Sex
- Environment
- Time of admin
- Disease state
- Genetics
- Psychological factors
What to keep in mind with geriatrics
Underlying disease process produces unexpected results and you don’t know how bad their disease state is
What to keep in mind with pediatrics
- They are typically over sensitive
- Easy to OD
What to keep in mind with pregnant patients
-Drugs have not been well tested
What is the formula for concentration
Concentration = Mass / Volume
What are the typical blood and plasma volumes in an adult male
Blood volume ~ 5L
Plasma volume ~ 2.5L
Plasma volume is blood volume - cells
What is a bolus
All at once
What is the formula for bioavailability
Bioavailability = AUC route / AUC IV
