10 Personality: Theory and Measurement Flashcards
The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another
Personality
Freud’s perspective, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior
Psychodynamic theory
The psychic structure, present at birth, that represents psychological drives and is fully unconscious
Id
The second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification
Ego
The third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior
Superego
In psychodynamic theory, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed to different erogenous zones during different stages of development
Psychosexual development
The first stage of psychosexual development, during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activities
Oral stage
The second stage of psychosexual development, when gratification is attained through anal activities
Anal stage
The third stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region
Phallic stage
A conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as arrival in love
Oedipus complex
A conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl belongs for her father and resents her mother
Electra complex
A phase of psychosexual development characterized by repression of sexual impulses
Latency
The mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through intercourse with an adult of the other gender
Genital stage
Jung’s psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes
Analytical psychology
Jung’s hypothesized store of vague memories that represent the history of humankind
Collective unconscious
Feelings of inferiority hypothesized by Adler to serve as a central motivating force
Inferiority complex
According to Adler, the self-aware aspect of personality that strives to achieve its full potential
Creative self
Adler‘s psychoanalytic theory, which emphasize his feelings of inferiority and creative self
Individual psychology
Erikson’s theory of personality and development, which emphasizes social relationships, and eight stages of growth
Psychosocial development
A firm sense of who one is and what one stands for
Ego identity
A relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior
Trait
A trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses
Introversion
A trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely
Extraversion
A cognitively orientated learning theory in which observational learning in person, variables, such as values and expectancies, play major rules in individual differences
Social cognitive theory
The view that people are capable of free choice, self fulfillment, and ethical behavior
Humanism
The view that people are completely free and responsible for their own behavior
Existentialism
The process by which male and females come to display behavior patterns, consistent with stereotypical masculine and feminine, gender roles
Gender-typing
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one’s potential
Self-actualization
A cognitive view of gender-typing that proposes that once girls and boys become aware of their atomic sex, they begin to blend their self-expectations and self-esteem with the ways in which they fit the gender roles prescribed in a given culture
Gender-schema theory
A persistent expression of esteem for the value of a person, but not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all of the person’s behaviors
Unconditional positive regard
Judgment of another person‘s value on the basis of another acceptability of that person’s behaviors
Conditional positive regard
Standards by which the value of a person is judged
Conditions of worth
The view that focuses on the rulesof ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes
Sociocultural perspective
People who define themselves in terms of personal traits and give priority to their own goals
Individualists
People who define themselves in terms of relationships to other people in groups and give priority to group goals
Collectivists
The process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes
Acculturation
In psychological testing, the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Validity
In psychological testing, the consistency or stability of test scores as from one testing to another
Reliability
In psychological testing, the process by which one obtains an organizes test scores from various population groups, so that the results of a person’s completing a test can be compared to those of others of the same gender, age group, and so on
Standardization
Tests whose items must be an answered in a specified, limited manner; test, whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct
Objective test
A psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli onto which test-takers project their own personality in making a response
Projective test
