1 What Is Psychology

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The science that studies behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

A set of hypnotized statements about the relationships among events

Question 3

Pure research

Answer 3

Research conducted without concern for immediate applications

Question 4

Applied research

Answer 4

Research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems

Question 5

Introspection

Answer 5

Deliberate looking into one’s own cognitive processes to examine one thoughts and emotions

Question 6

Structuralism

Answer 6

The school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basics elements - sensations, feelings, and images - that combine to form experience

Question 7

Functionalism

Answer 7

The school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience

Question 8

Behaviorism

Answer 8

The school of psychology that defines psychology as a study of observational behavior and studies, relationships between stimuli and responses

Question 9

Reinforcement

Answer 9

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response

Question 10

Gestalt psychology

Answer 10

The school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns

Question 11

Psychoanalysis

Answer 11

The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious, motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior

Question 12

Biological perspective

Answer 12

The approach to psychology that seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes structures, such as the functioning of the brain, the endocrine system, and heredity, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes, on the other

Question 13

Cognitive

Answer 13

Having to do with mental processes, such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem-solving

Question 14

Social cognitive theory

Answer 14

The school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and predict of behavior; formally termed social learning theory

Question 15

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 15

The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes

Question 16

Gender

Answer 16

The culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity

Question 17

Scientific method

Answer 17

An organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge

Question 18

Hypothesis

Answer 18

In psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research

Question 19

Correlation

Answer 19

An association or a relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades

Question 20

Selection factor

Answer 20

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study

Question 21

Simple

Answer 21

Part of a population

Question 22

Population

Answer 22

A complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn

Question 23

Random sample

Answer 23

A sample drawn, so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate

Question 24

Stratified sample

Answer 24

A sample drawn, so that identified sub groups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample

Question 25

Volunteer bias

Answer 25

A source of bias or error in research, reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies, differ systematically from people who do not

Question 26

Case study

Answer 26

A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, psychological test

Question 27

Survey

Answer 27

A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitude or behavior

Question 28

Naturalistic observation

Answer 28

A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments

Question 29

Correlational method

Answer 29

A mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases

Question 30

Correlation coefficient

Answer 30

A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables

Question 31

Experiment

Answer 31

A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables, and by observing their effects on dependent variables

Question 32

Independent variable

Answer 32

A condition in a scientific study that is maintained so that its effects may be observed

Question 33

Dependent variables

Answer 33

A measure of an assumed affect of an independent variable

Question 34

Experimental groups

Answer 34

In experiments, groups, whose members obtain the treatment

Question 35

Control groups

Answer 35

In experiments, groups, whose members do not obtain the treatment, well other conditions are held constant

Question 36

Placebo

Answer 36

A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine

Question 37

Blind

Answer 37

In experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment

Question 38

Double-blind study

Answer 38

A study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment

Question 39

Critical thinking

Answer 39

A way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Question 40

Informed consent

Answer 40

A participants agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of treatments

Question 41

Debrief

Answer 41

To explain the purposes in methods of a completed procedure to a participant