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Action & Perception > 10. Motor Control 1 > Flashcards

10. Motor Control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the ‘higher’ cognitive aspects of motor control include?

A
  • Planning and timing
  • Sequencing
  • Imagery (cf mirror neurones) - can imagine movement without moving.
  • Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)
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2
Q

What do actions require?

A
  • Multiple muscles
  • Precise timing (e.g. between the 2 hands)
  • Multiple components of movement
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3
Q

What is the motor function that the Primary Motor Cortex is key for?

A

Execution

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4
Q

What is the motor function that the Premotor Cortex is key for?

A

Preparation of actions

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5
Q

What is the motor function that the Prefrontal Cortex is key for?

A

Higher level of planning

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6
Q

What is the motor function that the Parietal Cortex is key for?

A

Sensory-motor links

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7
Q

Describe the Primary Motor Cortex (M1).

A
  • In the Pre-central gyrus

- Somatotopic organisation (from soma “body” and topos “place”)

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8
Q

What did Penfield’s study and TMS show?

A

Activation in particular parts of M1 causes movement of particular body parts on opposite side

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9
Q

What is Hemiplegia?

A

Paralysis of one side

due to stroke

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10
Q

What is Hemiparesis?

A

Weakness of one side due to stroke.

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11
Q

Describe the Cells in M1 that code for movements.

A
  • Cells in M1 have a preferred direction of movement

- Populations of cells code the direction of movement – VECTOR CODING

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12
Q

What are the M1 inputs?

A

Supplementary motor area.
Premotor area
Primary somatosensory area

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13
Q

What are the M1 outputs?

A

Output to spinal cord – control of muscles

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14
Q

Describe how the brain is organised to improve signal transmission?

A

Info coming in about body parts is next to the part of the brain that send info out to those body parts

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15
Q

What are eye and body movements controlled by?

A
  • Eye movements are controlled by a different cortical area (cerebellum)
  • Bodily movements rely more on proprioception
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16
Q

What are the 2 main types of eye movement?

A
  1. Saccades

2. Smooth pursuit

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17
Q

Describe Saccadic Eye movements

A
  • Fastest movement we make, up to 1000 deg/sec
    ○ Degrees of visual angle
  • Duration 20-200 ms - short
    Perception is suppressed during the movement
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18
Q

Describe Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements.

A
  • Smooth tracking movement
  • Up to approx 50 deg/sec
  • Much slower movement that saccades.
  • Not usually observed in the absence of a stimulus
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19
Q

What role does the lateral premotor cortex play in motor movements?

A
  • Externally generated actions
    ○ Located further out
    ○ Timing of movements is determines by an external stimulus (i.e. metronome)
20
Q

What role does the supplementary motor area (SMA) play in motor movements?

A
  • (medial PC) internally generated actions e.g. well learnt sequences
    ○ Located more medially
21
Q

How does task difficulty affect activation of motor areas?

A
  • Areas more active in more difficult bimanual tasks (Swinnen & Wenderoth, 2004)
  • We are good at coordinating with our hands
22
Q

What are the brain areas important in bimanual coordination?

A
  • Pre-Motor Area
  • SMA
  • Cerebellum
23
Q

What did Toni et al (1998) study investigate?

A
  • Investigated Sequence learning.

- looked at the brain areas involved at different points through the process of seqence learning

24
Q

What is sequence learning?

A
  • Faster and more accurate movements

- Change from effortful to automatic

25
Q

What did Toni et al (1998) study find?

A
  • Changes over time of sequence learning:
    ○ Dorsolateral prefrontal ↓
    ○ SMA ↑
    ○ Lateral premotor cortex ↓
    ○ Primary motor ↓
  • Also subcortical - cerebellum and basal ganglia
26
Q

Why does the Motor Cortex activity decrease in sequence learning?

A
  • you become more efficient at the movement so you are actually moving less.
    = less activation
27
Q

What effect of doing TMS over SMA did Gerloff et al., (1997) find?

A
  • Repetitive TMS to block activity
  • SMA only interfered with performing the most complex sequence
  • Need SMA to do the particular task
28
Q

What is the evidence that the prefrontal cortex is involved in higher level motor movements.

A

Frith et al. 1991

  • Ps choose which finger to move
  • Involved when paying attention to action – when difficult or learning
  • Longer term goals and intentions
  • Not specific to action, e.g. generating random numbers
29
Q

What can prefrontal cortex lesions produce?

A
  • Perseveration – repeat same action when no longer relevant
  • Utilisation behaviour – act on irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment
  • Disinhibition e.g. antisaccade task
  • Frontal apraxia – not able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)
30
Q

What are the deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Internal/external – more problems with internally generated movements
  • Complex movements – bimanual, sequences
  • Cognitive effects – attention shifting, everyday cognitive failures
31
Q

What causes shuffling in Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta
  • 80% of dopaminergic cells have died in the substantia nigra before symptoms appear.
32
Q

What are the main 3 symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  1. Bradykinesia – slow movement
  2. Tremor (resting) - can often improve during a more precise movement
  3. Rigidity
33
Q

What is Micrographia?

A
  • Writing is small in size.

- May reduce while writing - fatigue

34
Q

What is apraxia, and what causes it?

A
  • Inability to perform skilled purposeful movement

- Damage to the parietal cortex

35
Q

Describe the Anti-Saccade task.

A
  • Required to look in opposite direction to the target

- Must inhibit (prepotent) tendency to look at target

36
Q

Describe the Norman & Shallice Model.

A
  • a framework of attentional control of executive functioning.
  • sensory info & supervisory attentional system inputs into contention scheduling.
  • this outputs to the effector systems.
37
Q

Describe Contention scheduling in the Norman & Shallice Model.

A
  • selects appropriate schema

- Occurs relatively automatically

38
Q

Describe the Supervisory attentional System (SAS) in the Norman & Shallice Model.

A
  • Required for novel/less automatic actions

- When you are tired you are more likely to make these errors.

39
Q

Describe Ideomotor Apraxia

A
  • Idea and execution disconnected – retain knowledge of action
  • Can recognise action performed by another
  • Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. body part as tool)
  • Can perform sequence but not components
40
Q

What are the subcortical motor areas?

A

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

41
Q

What can Cerebellar damage cause?

A
  • Action tremor - tremor of the body during action

- Dysmetria – over and undershooting of movements (movement are either too big or too small)

42
Q

What are the deficits seen in Cerebellar patients?

A
  • Deficits in:
    ○ coordinating across joints
    ○ Motor learning
    ○ Timing - Predicting timing of movements
43
Q

How do Cerebellar patients perform in the Finger-to-Nose Test?

A

the amplitude of the tremor increases as the finger nears the target.

44
Q

How do Parkinson’s patients perform in the Finger-to-Nose Test?

A

The tremor may be present at the beginning of the movement but smooth out near the target (nose)

45
Q

How do patients with essential tremor perform in the Finger-to-Nose Test?

A

the tremor is manifested throughout the test, possibly worsening as the finger approaches the target (nose).

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