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IASM > 10 Human Nutrition > Flashcards

10 Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is IAXM?

A

Ingestion and digestion
Absorption
Excretion
Metabolism

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2
Q

Factors that determine nutritional status

A

Biological factors
Pyschological factors
Social factors
Energy expenditure
Presence of disease

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3
Q

What are the biological factors?

A

Genetic background
Digestion, absorption and excretion
Age and phase of lifecycle

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4
Q

Which individual responses to nutrients are determined by genes?

A

Digestion
Absorption
Metabolism
Excretion
Taste
Satiety

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5
Q

What are the demands of nutrients in different physiologic state across the lifecycle?

A

dependent on mother -> sex hormones -> muscle mass increases, physical activity stabilizes -> muscle mass declines, fat mass increases, bone mass declines

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6
Q

What are the psychological factors?

A

Satiety
Appetite
Palatability of food

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7
Q

What are the social factors?

A

Availability of food
Cultural customs

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8
Q

Why is nutrition important?

A

Prevention, progression and management of diseases
- chronic diseases
- surgical and anaesthetic conditions

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9
Q

Main classes of nutrients

A

Energy sources (carbohydrates, fats, protein)
Essential fatty acids
Essential amino acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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10
Q

Role of fiber

A

Indigestible carbohydrate -> regulate gut motility and transit (X energy source)

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11
Q

10 essential amino acids

A

PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

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12
Q

Types of essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid
alpha-linoleic acid

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13
Q

Major purposes of nutrients

A
  • To supply the energy needed for the body to perform work
  • To provide the building blocks for synthesis of other important molecules
  • To support the function of metabolic pathways
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14
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate - energy required to maintain normal physiological functions when the body is at rest

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15
Q

What is the BMR affected by?

A

Gender (male > female)
Age (child > adult)
Health (effects elevated by fever, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation) (effects lowered by hypothyroidism)
Hormones (effects elevated by high levels of thyroid hormones, growth hormones, sex hormones, epinephrine and cortisol)

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16
Q

What is the total daily energy expenditure (TEE) a sum of?

A

BMR
energy used up during physical activity
thermic effect of food

17
Q

3 depots of fat in body

A

Visceral fat (within abdominal cavity)
Ectopic fat (e.g. cardiac and pharyngeal fat pads)
Subcutaneous fat (under the skin)

18
Q

Energy content from carbohydrates, proteins and fat in kcal/g

A

Carbohydrates - ~4 kcal/g
Proteins - ~4 kcal/g
Fat - ~9 kcal/g

19
Q

What is DRI?

A

Dietary Reference Intakes

20
Q

What are the four dietary reference standards in DRI?

A

Estimated average requirement (EAR) - meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) - meet the requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals
Adequate intake (AI) - estimate of nutrient intake by healthy people that are assumed to be adequate
Tolerable upper intake level (UL) - highest level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals

21
Q

What is MUST?

A

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool

22
Q

5 Steps of MUST

A

BMI score (>20 = 0, 18.5-20 = 1, <18.5 = 2)
Weight loss score (unplanned weight loss in past 3-6 months <5% = 0, 5-10% = 1, >10% = 2)
Acute disease effect score (If patient is acutely ill AND there has been no nutritional intake for >5 days = 2)
Overall risk of malnutrition (add scores together, 0 = low risk, 1 = medium risk, 2 or more = high risk)
Management guidelines

23
Q

Forms of nutritional assessments

A

Anthropometric measurements
Biochemical data
Dietary data

24
Q

Examples of anthropometric measurements

A

BMI
Waist-to-hip ratio
Mid-arm circumference
Skinfold thickness

25
Q

Advantages of anthropometric measurements

A

Easy to administer
Portable
Non-invasive
Cheap

26
Q

Examples of biochemical data

A

Blood (plasma proteins, haemoglobin)
Urine (urinary nitrogen)
Faeces

27
Q

Advantages of biochemimcal data

A

Objective
Quantitative indicators

28
Q

Disadvantages of biochemical data

A

not exclusively determined by the state of nutrition

29
Q

Disadvantage of anthropometric measurements

A

More detailed analysis through other means

30
Q

Disadvantage of anthropometric measurements

A

More detailed analysis through other means

IASM (15 decks)

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