10 - Change Flashcards
What are the 5 main types of change
- Rapid/crisis/catastrophic
- Long term/strategic
- Incremental/tactical/short term/anticipated
- Disruptive
- Operational
What is meant by rapid/crisis/catastrophic change
Being unexpectedly forced to change
What is meant by long term/strategic change
Planned change for the long term future
What is meant by incremental/tactical/short term/anticipated change
Step by step change as a business progress
Eg school
What is meant by operational change
When the business changes the way it does something
What is meant by disruptive change
Change that causes short term issues eg redundancy
What is meant by drivers for change
The stakeholders who push for change
What is meant by drivers against change
Stakeholders who push against change
Why is it important to manager change effectively
- Avoid drivers against change eg employee resistance
- Avoid wasting resources in an attempt to implement a failed change
Examples of internal factors that are drivers for change
- Desire for profits
- Level of staff turnover
- Level of productivity
- Quality of current culture
Examples of external factors that are drivers against change
- Customer demand
- Competition
- Changes In costs
- Ethics
- Social trends
- Technology
- Government
Examples of drivers against change
- Employee resistance
- Unions
- Media coverage
- Political interference
Examples of feats a business can help to manage and motivate change
- Improve employer-employee relations
- Make no-strike deals with unions
- Use ACAS if necessary
- Inclusion of unions through discussions
- Allow employee co-operation
What is Lewin’s 3 step change management model
1) Unfreeze problems (remove dissent)
2) Change/transition (introduce new practices)
3) Freeze/re-freeze (re-enforce new practices)
Positives if Lewin’s 3 step model
- Enforces need to get rid of problems and ensure the change is implemented with intent (re-freezing)
- Recognises the need for a period of transition for change to be implemented
Evaluation of Lewin’s 3 step model
- Vague/too simplistic (doesn’t suggest how each phase can be done)
- Assumes it is always possible to remove problems and re-freeze new change
- Suggests transition period is as simple as introduce new practices
- Assumes business make a change and then remain like that, but in reality there may be a constant need for change
What are the 8 parts of Kotter’s 8-step model
1 - Create a sense of urgency 2 - Form a powerful coalition 3 - Create a vision for change 4 - Communicate the vision 5 - Remove obstacles 6 - Create short-term wins 7 - Build on the change 8 - Anchor the change in culture
Criticisms of Kotter’s model
- Assumes change is linear in the order shown
- Is not time specific
- Some steps are costly
- Ignores external issues that may emerge
What are the parts of McKinsey’s 7-S model
Strategy Structure Systems Style Staff Skills Shares values
What does McKinsey believe about the 7 factors
That all 7 components must align for change to be successful
Advantage of McKinsey’s model
It can be used as a checklist to identify weak links when trying to implement change
Criticisms of McKinsey’s model
- Not time specific
- Assumes all of these are easily identifiable
- Ignores external issues
What is meant by internal sources of change
When factors within the business are driving change
What is meant by external sources of change
What factors from outside the business are driving change
